Optimization for Real-Time, Parallel Execution of Models for Extracting High-Value Information from Data Streams

ABSTRACT

A computer system identifies high-value information in data streams. The computer system receives a filter graph definition. The filter graph definition includes a plurality of filter nodes, each filter node including one or more filters that accept or reject packets. Each respective filter is categorized by a number of operations, and the one or more filters are arranged in a general graph. The computer system performs one or more optimization operations, including: determining if a closed circuit exists within the graph, and when the closed circuit exists within the graph, removing the closed circuit; reordering the filters based at least in part on the number of operations; and parallelizing the general graph such that the one or more filters are configured to be executed on one or more processors.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/259,021, filed Nov. 23, 2015, entitled “DATA BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY FOR REAL TIME ANALYTICS FROM UNSTRUCTURED DATA,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/259,023, filed Nov. 23, 2015, entitled “PARALLEL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE AND DATA BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY FOR SOCIAL MEDIA AUTHOR CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS STREAM,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/259,024, filed Nov. 23, 2015, entitled “PARALLEL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE AND DATA BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY FOR REAL TIME ANALYTICS FROM UNSTRUCTURED ELECTION DATA,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/259,026, filed Nov. 23, 2015, entitled “PARALLEL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE AND DATA BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY FOR REAL TIME ANALYTICS FROM UNSTRUCTURED RETAIL DATA,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/264,845, filed Dec. 8, 2015, entitled “REAL TIME DATA STREAM CLUSTER SUMMARIZATION AND LABELING SYSTEM,” which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/214,490, filed Mar. 14, 2014, entitled “Optimization for Real-Time, Parallel Execution of Models for Extracting High-Value Information from Data Streams,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/000,347, filed Mar. 15, 2013, entitled “Extracting High-Value Information from Data Steams.” The entire contents of each application are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/688,865, filed Apr. 16, 2015, entitled “Automatic Topic Discovery in Streams of Unstructured Data,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/214,410, filed Mar. 14, 2014, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,477,733 on Oct. 25, 2016, entitled “Hierarchical, Parallel Models for Extracting in Real-Time High-Value Information from Data Streams and System and Method for Creation of Same,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/802,353, file Mar. 15, 2013, entitled “Extracting High-Value Information from Data Streams.” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/688,865, filed Apr. 16, 2015, entitled “Automatic Topic Discovery in Streams of Unstructured Data,” claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/980,525, filed Apr. 16, 2014, entitled “Automatic Topic Discovery in Streams of Social Media Posts.” The entire contents of each application are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates to extraction of high-value information from streams of data.

BACKGROUND

The growing phenomenon of social media has resulted in a new generation of “influencers.” Every day, tens of millions of consumers go online to express opinions, share ideas and publish media for the masses. Consumers control the conversation and play a significant role in shaping, for example, the purchasing decisions of others. Thus, companies have to work harder to manage their reputations and engage consumers in this fluid medium. Business that learn to understand and mine consumer-generated content across blogs, social networks, and forums have the opportunity to leverage the insights from others, make strategic business decisions and drive their bottom line. Social media monitoring is often the first step to adopting and integrating the social Web into business.

The problem with monitoring social media for business (and other) interests is that it difficult to “separate the wheat from the chaff.” Conventional tools and methods for monitoring often fail to turn social media data into actionable intelligence. Too often, such methods produce only statistical views of social media data, or produce far more data than a company can react to while missing critical pieces of data. Therefore, what is needed are methods and systems for identifying valuable information, and only valuable information, (e.g., as defined with respect to a particular interest, such as a business interest) in real-time.

SUMMARY

In accordance with some implementations, a method is provided for identifying high-value information in data streams (e.g., in real-time). The method is performed at a computer system including a plurality of processors and memory storing programs for execution by the processors. The computer system receives a plurality of mission definitions. Each of the mission definitions includes a plurality of classification models, each of which is configured to accept or reject individual packets in a data stream based on content and/or metadata information associated with individual posts corresponding to the individual packets. The classification models included in a respective mission definition are combined according to a predefined arrangement so as to identify collectively individual packets with high value information according to the respective mission definition. The computer system prepares the mission definitions for execution on the plurality of processors. In response to receiving a first data stream with a plurality of first packets, the computer system distributes each of the first packets to inputs of each of the executable mission definitions. The computer system identifies, using each of the executable mission definitions, respective ones of the first packets with high value information according to the respective mission definition, based on parallel execution of the models included in the respective mission definition.

In accordance with some implementations, a computer system is provided for identifying high-value information in data streams. The computer system includes a plurality of processors and memory storing one or more programs to be executed by the plurality of processors. The one or more programs include instructions for receiving a plurality of mission definitions. Each of the mission definitions includes a plurality of classification models, each of which is configured to accept or reject individual packets in a data stream based on content and/or metadata information associated with individual posts corresponding to the individual packets. The classification models included in a respective mission definition are combined according to a predefined arrangement so as to identify collectively individual packets with high value information according to the respective mission definition. The one or more program also include instructions for preparing the mission definitions for execution on the plurality of processors and in response to receiving a first data stream with a plurality of first packets, distributing each of the first packets to inputs of each of the executable mission definitions. The one or more programs also include instructions for identify, using each of the executable mission definitions, respective ones of the first packets with high value information according to the respective mission definition, based on parallel execution of the models included in the respective mission definition.

In accordance with some implementations, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium is provided storing one or more programs configured for execution by a computer system. The one or more programs include instructions for receiving a plurality of mission definitions. Each of the mission definitions includes a plurality of classification models, each of which is configured to accept or reject individual packets in a data stream based on content and/or metadata information associated with individual posts corresponding to the individual packets. The classification models included in a respective mission definition are combined according to a predefined arrangement so as to identify collectively individual packets with high value information according to the respective mission definition. The one or more programs also include instructions for preparing the mission definitions for execution on the plurality of processors and, in response to receiving a first data stream with a plurality of first packets, distributing each of the first packets to inputs of each of the executable mission definitions. The one or more programs also include instructions for identify, using each of the executable mission definitions, respective ones of the first packets with high value information according to the respective mission definition, based on parallel execution of the models included in the respective mission definition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates a general graph representing a mission definition, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example mission definition, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 3 illustrates example components of a model for “Happy Customers,” in accordance with some implementations

FIG. 4 illustrates a “Thankful/Satisfied” customer model, in accordance with some implementations.

FIGS. 5A-5B illustrates a schematic representation of a massively-parallel computer system for real-time extraction of high-value information from data streams, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic representation of a data harvester, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 7 illustrates example data structures for snippet packets, in accordance with some implementations

FIG. 8 illustrates an architecture for achieving fast author/publisher correlation, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 9 illustrates a massively parallel classification (e.g., filtering) system, in accordance with some implementations

FIG. 10 illustrates example data structures for messages within the massively parallel classification (e.g., filtering) system, in accordance with some implementations.

FIGS. 11A-11B illustrates an example flow for snippet processing, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 12 illustrates a traffic smoothing system, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 13 illustrates a monitoring and debugging packet injection system, in accordance with some implementations.

FIGS. 14A-14B are schematic diagrams illustrating an analytics/alarm system, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating a process of specifying and compiling a mission definition, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary process of combining filters in the graph that are not all in sequence, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of merging accept and reject regular expressions, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example or re-ordering filters based on the number of operations needed to determine whether the filter accepts or rejects a snippet, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of splitting a mission definition graph into smaller equivalent graphs by creating a new mission definition for each tap, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 20 is block diagram of a computer system for real-time extraction of high-value information from data streams, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 21 is a flow chart illustrating a method of creating hierarchical, parallel models for extracting in real-time high-value information from data streams, in accordance with some implementations.

FIGS. 22A-22C are flow charts illustrating a method for real-time extraction of high-value information from data streams, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 23 is a flow chart illustrating a method for optimizing real-time, parallel execution of models for extracting high-value information from data streams, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 24 illustrates an exemplary system including parallel processing capabilities, according to at least some implementations.

FIG. 25 illustrates an exemplary logical representation of a multi-producer/multi-consumer system for implementing processing using thread-safe buffer data structures according to some implementations.

FIG. 26 illustrates an exemplary a circular buffer data structure, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 27 illustrates a system for managing access to a plurality of memory slots in a shared sequential memory array to implement a virtual queue and virtual buffer, in accordance with some implementations.

FIGS. 28(A)-28(B) illustrates an exemplary method for managing access to a plurality of memory slots in a shared sequential memory array without using software-based programming techniques, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 29 illustrates an exemplary method for dynamic memory allocation using a bitmap, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 30 illustrates an exemplary system for using a plurality of multi-variant stochastic controllers to dynamically control memory resources, in accordance with some implementations.

FIG. 31 illustrates an exemplary author classification and analysis system according to some implementations.

FIG. 32 illustrates an exemplary author record according to some implementations.

FIG. 33 illustrates a filtering model to identify an author based on content of a social media post, according to some implementations.

FIG. 34 illustrates exemplary type specific author classification processes, according to some implementations.

FIG. 35 illustrates a system for aggregating and visually presenting statistics about posts from authors provided by certain data sources (e.g., social media sites), according to some implementations.

FIGS. 36-37 illustrate exemplary filter models for voting and retail analytics, according to some implementations.

FIG. 38 illustrates a system including parallel processing capabilities to produce visualization information, according to at least some implementations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Hierarchical, Parallel Models for Extracting in Real Time High-Value Information from Data Streams and System and Method for Creation of Same

FIG. 1 illustrates a general graph representing a mission definition 100. A mission definition is a specification (e.g., a computer file or a data structure) describing one or more filters (represented as filter nodes 110 in FIG. 1) and the relationships (e.g., connections, or “graph edges”) between the filters (e.g., filter nodes, sometimes called “classification models) that together form the general graph (e.g., in some circumstances, a mission definition is referred to as a “filter graph”). Mission definitions are compiled into executable mission definitions and executed against data streams that include a plurality of posts to produce a filtering network classification stream (e.g., a stream of packets, each corresponding to a particular post and classified as to whether the post includes high-value information).

As described in greater detail below, posts can include any type of information update that is received over a network. For example, in some implementations, posts include Twitter Tweets, Facebook posts, online forum comments, YouTube videos, and the like. Alternatively, in some implementations, posts can include updates from smart thermostats, smart utility meters, information from a mobile device (e.g., a smart-phone, Fitbit device, etc.). In some implementations, posts are parsed into content portions, which are sometimes referred to herein as a “snippets.” For example, a user's online car forum post can be parsed into a snippet that includes the text within the post (e.g., “So happy with my new car!”).

In some implementations, a mission definition (e.g., a filter graph) comprises one or more filters (e.g., filter nodes of the filter graph). In some implementations, filters are regular expressions that are converted to finite state automata such as deterministic finite automata (DFAs) or non-deterministic automata (NDAs)

In some implementations, a mission definition (e.g., filter graph) comprises one or more models (e.g., model 102). In some implementations, models comprise one or more filters that, collectively, represent a concept. For example, in some circumstances, a model represents “Happy Customers” and is therefore designed to answer the question, “Does a particular piece of information (e.g., a post from a data source) represent, or originate from, a happy customer?” As an example, to extract information corresponding to happy customers of a particular brand, a mission definition will include a concatenation of a generic “Happy Customers” model with a model for the particular brand.

In some circumstances, it is heuristically useful to refer to blocks rather than models. The term “block” is used to mean a sub-graph of one or more filters and their relationship to one another. It should be understood that the distinction between blocks and models is arbitrary. However, for heuristic purposes, the term “model” is used to refer to one or more filters that represent a particular concept whereas the term “block” is used to describe procedures for optimizing the graph (e.g., combining blocks) during parallelization and compilation.

In some implementations, a mission definition includes one or more stages 104. Each stage of the one or more stages 104 represents a successive level of refinement. For example, a mission definition for a car manufacturer optionally includes the following stages: (i) a “broad listening” stage utilizing a “Car” model and a “Truck” model (e.g., in a Boolean ‘OR’ such that the broad listening stage accepts snippets related to cars OR trucks), (ii) a brand refinement stage (or a medium accept stage) utilizing a brand specific model, and (iii) a product refinement stage (e.g., a fine accept stage) utilizing models generated for particular products offered by the brand. In addition, the mission definition for the car manufacturer optionally includes one or several reject stages (e.g., a medium reject stage, a fine reject stage, etc.) For example, a medium reject stage for a hypothetical brand Katahdin Wool Products may include a medium reject stage that rejects snippets relating to Mount Katahdin in Maine.

In some implementations, a mission definition 100 includes one or more taps 108. Taps 108 are leaf nodes in the mission definition used for accessing any level of refinement of the filtering network classification stream (e.g., in some implementations, taps produce an output to other aspects of the computer ecosystem). Taps 108 are inserted into a mission definition 100 to generate additional analytics data from the stream output. The analytics data is then accessible to the additional components of the system (e.g., Stream Analytics Charts, Deep Inspection, and Topic Discovery systems, described later in this document). Taps 108 reduce system complexity and resource utilization by allowing a stream to be partitioned into multiple branches, which can be processed in parallel. This also permits common operations, such as broad concept matching and noise filtering, to be performed once rather than repeated across multiple streams. Stream data may then be refined downstream by specific filters and tapped at desired access points.

For convenience of understanding, a portion of a mission definition 100 that reaches a respective tap is considered a sub-mission definition. Likewise, although each model includes one or more filters 110, in some implementations, models 110 are concatenated or otherwise arranged with relationships relative to one another in the general graph to form larger models (e.g., parent models). It should be understood, however, that whether an element described herein is referred to as a “filter,” “model,” “block,” “sub-mission definition,” or “stage” is purely a matter of convenience of explanation. Such terms can apply interchangeably to processing elements at different hierarchical levels of a mission definition.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example mission definition 200 (e.g., a filter graph). The mission definition 200 (e.g., filter graph) includes several classification models 202 (e.g., filter nodes). Each classification model 202 includes one or more filters that, together, embody a concept. For example, classification model 202-1 indicates whether a respective post represents an “irate” person; classification model 202-2 indicates whether a respective post pertains to a particular brand name (e.g., Chevrolet, Pepsi); classification model 202-3 senses whether the post represents a frustrated person; classification model 202-4 indicates whether a post pertains to a particular competitor's name (e.g., if brand name classification model 202-2 corresponds to “Chevrolet,” competitor name classification model 202-4 may correspond to “Ford”); and classification model 202-5 indicates whether a respective post represents a happy person.

When a classification model 202 receives a post, the system (e.g., the processors) executing the mission definition determine whether the post meets predefined criteria with respect to the classification model 202 so as to be “accepted” by the classification model 202. When a post is accepted by the classification model 202, in some embodiments, the post progresses further downstream in the mission definition (e.g., when the mission definition is embodied as a directed filter graph, the post follows the direction of the filter edges to the next classification model 202). In some embodiments, when the post is accepted, the post is tagged (e.g., in a corresponding data structure) with an identifier of the classification model 202. In some embodiments, when the post is not accepted (e.g., is rejected) by classification model 202, the system forgoes tagging the post with the identifier. In some embodiments, when the post is not accepted, the system removes the post from the mission definition 200 (e.g., the post no longer progresses through the filter graph).

In some embodiments (although not shown), a classification model 202 is a reject filter, which can be represented by including a logical “NOT” in the specification for the classification model 202. For example, by including a logical “NOT” in the specification for classification model 202-1, the system will reject all post corresponding to irate persons. In some embodiments, when a post is rejected by a reject filter, it is tagged as rejected with an identifier of the reject classification model 202. In some embodiments, when a post is not rejected (e.g., is accepted) by a reject classification model 202, it is not tagged (e.g., the system forgoes tagging the post). In some embodiments, when a post is rejected, it is removed from the mission definition 200. In some embodiments, the post continues to progress through the mission definition 200 regardless of whether it was rejected or not. By tagging rejected posts as rejected and allowing the posts to continue through the mission definition, more information is available for future analytics.

Classification models 202 (e.g., filter nodes) that occur on parallel branches of the mission definition 200 represent a logical “OR” relationship between the classification model. Classification models 202 that occur in series represent a logical “AND” relationship between the classification models.

In some embodiments, a post is “matched” to the mission definition 200 if the post proceeds all the way through the mission definition 200 using at least one path through the mission definition 200 (e.g., is accepted by all of the accept classification models along the at least one path and is not rejected by all of the reject models along the at least one path).

In this manner, the mission definition 200 is designed to determine when a post indicates that its author is either frustrated or irate with a particular brand (e.g., according to the path corresponding to Brand Name Model AND [Irate OR Frustrated]) or alternatively, whether a post indicates that its author is happy with a competitor (e.g., according to the path corresponding to a Competitor Name AND Happy). In this example, the mission definition 200 produces high-value information to a company owning the particular brand because in either case (e.g., whether a post was accepted through either path or both), the company will be able to intervene to limit the spread of information that is harmful to the company's reputation.

FIG. 3 illustrates example components of an example model 302 for “Happy Customers.” In some implementations, the model includes one or more of the group consisting of: lexical filters 304, vocabulary filters 306, semantic filters 308, statistical filters 310, thematic ontologies 312 and corrective feedback 314.

FIG. 4 illustrates a simple mission definition 400 including a single model 401. In this example, the model 401 is a model for “thankful/satisfied” customers, which classifies posts according to whether they represent a generically (e.g., without regard to a particular brand) thankful or satisfied customer. The model 401 includes a plurality of filters embodied as regular expressions, such as the regular expression 402, which accepts phrases such as “Best Car Wash Ever,” “Best Burger Ever,” and “Best Movie I Have Ever Seen.” The model also includes regular expression 404, which accepts phrases such as “XCleaner does wonders!” and “That lip balm did wonders for me!”).

Massively-Parallel System Architecture and Method for Real-Time Extraction of High-Value Information from Data Streams

FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate a data environment that includes data sources 402 and a schematic representation of a massively-parallel computer system 520 for real-time extraction of information satisfying one or more mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs), which may be of high value for a user of the system (hereinafter referred to as “high-value information”) from data streams, according to some implementations. System 520 includes a Harvester 522. Harvester 522 collects posts (e.g., data) from multiple Data Sources 502 (see FIG. 5A) such as social media websites, internet forums that host conversation threads, blogs, news sources, etc. In some implementations, the posts include a content portion and one or more source characteristics, such as an author and/or a publisher. In some implementations, the Data Sources 502 include smart thermostats, gas/electric smart meters, automobiles, or any other source of real-time data. In some implementations, as described below, the Harvester 522 generates one or more packets from each post, including, in some implementations, a content packet (sometimes hereinafter referred to as a “snippet”), a publisher packet and/or an author packet. For example, in some implementations, a post will originate from a social media site or blog, and the corresponding snippet generated by the Harvester 522 includes the text and/or title of post, the author packet includes a name of the person who wrote the post, and the publisher packet includes the site or blog from which the post originated.

In some implementations, collected posts are indexed and stored upon harvesting (e.g., in real-time) so that full-data searches can be executed quickly (e.g., in Raw Database 534). In some implementations, the collected posts are indexed and stored in near real-time. Because data comes in many different formats (e.g., from the various data sources 502), in some implementations, the Harvester 522 performs an initial normalization of each post. In some implementations, this initial normalization includes identifying the content (e.g., the text of a social media post), the author, and the publisher. In some implementations, the normalized data is divided and sent down three paths: a snippet path 501, a publisher path 503, and an author path 505. In some implementations, all of the collected data corresponding to a respective post is passed down each of the three paths 501, 503, 505. In some implementations, a distinct subset of the collected data is passed down each of the three paths (e.g., a first subset is passed down the snippet path 501, a second subset is passed down publisher path 503, and a third subset is passed down author path 505).

Data passed down the publisher path 503 is provided to a Publisher Discovery HyperEngine 524 for inspection of the data in order to develop a publisher profile. Alternatively, in the event that a publisher profile already exists for a respective publisher, the inspection result of the data is provided to the Publisher Discovery HyperEngine 524 to refine (e.g., update) the publisher profile. The publisher profile (or alternatively the refined publisher profile) is passed down path 507 and stored in publisher store 530.

Likewise, data passed down the author path 505 is provided to an Author Discovery HyperEngine 526 for inspection of the data in order to develop an author profile. Alternatively, in the event that an author profile already exists for a respective author, the inspection of the data is provided to the Author Discovery HyperEngine 524 to refine (e.g., update) the author profile. The author profile (or alternatively the refined author profile) is then passed down path 509 and stored in author store 532.

In some implementations, the inspection of the collected data during publisher discovery (e.g., by the Publisher Discovery HyperEngine 524) and author discovery (e.g., by Author Discovery HyperEngine 526) may be too time-consuming for achieving real-time processing (e.g., classification) of author and publisher packets. For this reason, each respective snippet is passed via snippet path 501 to an Author/Publisher Correlator 528, which performs real-time data correlation with existing information about the respective snippet's author and publisher (e.g., information obtained by inspection of previous snippets originating from the same author or publisher, but not including information obtain by inspection of the respective snippet, since that would require prohibitively long processing times). For example, at this point information from a well-known author would be associated with a current snippet/post from the same author. Thus, a correlated snippet is produced that includes author/publisher information.

A respective correlated snippet is passed to the Bouncer 536 in which the correlated snippet is compared to one or more high specificity data stream filters (e.g., executable mission definitions), each defined by a set of models, each model including one or more filters. The filters are organized into a general graph that determines what type of data to accept and what type of data to reject based on contents and metadata (such as author/publisher information, demographics, author influences, etc.) associated with the post/snippet.

In some implementations, information about a snippet (whether accepted by any filters or not) is passed to the Alarm/Analytics HyperEngine 538, which determines if and how to deliver messages (e.g., to an end-user) and/or when to issue alarms/alerts. In some implementations, information about those snippets that were accepted by at least one filter is passed to the Alarm/Analytics HyperEngine 538. The Alarm/Analytics HyperEngine 538 generates statistics based on the incoming information and compares the statistics against configurable thresholds and triggers alarms for any violations. Trigger alarms are routed to their designated recipients based on the mission definition's alarm delivery policy (e.g., a customer relationship management system, an e-mail message, a short-message service message, etc.).

For example, in some circumstances, companies often employ employees to make house calls to customers. Such companies have a strong interest in ensuring that such employees are good representatives of the company. Thus, such a company will want to know if a customer complains on an online forum (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) about the representative's behavior during the house call. The company may create a “bad employee” mission, with a predefined set of alarms (e.g., an alarm for if a post accuses an employee of drug use, profanity, or the like, during the house call). Each of these alarms triggers an e-mail message to a high-level company executive who can proactively deal with the problem, for example, by disciplining the employee or reaching out to the customer to make amends. Alternatively, or in addition, the alarms correspond in some embodiments to statistical trends. For example, an alarm for a fast food corporation may indicate an unusual number of people complaining online of feeling sick after eating after eating at the corporation's franchises (or at a particular franchise).

FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic representation of the Harvester 522 in greater detail, in accordance with some implementations. In some implementations, the Harvester 522 runs a master harvester process called the Harvester Boss 601. Harvesting operations are performed by one or more servers running Harvester Minion 613 processes. In addition, the Harvester 522 includes a Harvester Scheduler 602 and a Harvester Manager 604. The Harvester Boss 601 passes instructions to the various Harvester Minion 613 processes. As described below, among other operations, the Harvester Minion 613 runs various modules that combine to receive posts from a variety of data sources 502 and generate snippet, author and/or publisher packets corresponding to posts from the data sources 502. Because posts come from a range of sources, the Harvester 522 includes modules 608, 610 and 612 that are configured to interact with the different types of sources. For example, a third party provider module 608 is configured to operate on posts obtained from third party) providers 608 (e.g., when the posts are not obtained directly from the source), a direct scraper 610 is configured to directly scrape public information from websites and other internet information resources, and a direct API module 612 is configured to access information from websites through direct APIs provided by those sites. Regardless of the module used harvest a respective post (e.g., the modules 608, 610 and 612), the respective post is passed via path 605 to one or more hashing modules (e.g., snippet hasher 614, author hasher 616, publisher hasher 618) which each perform hashing of a respective post component (e.g., content, author, or publisher information) so as to provide one or more hash-based IDs for snippet, author and publisher information, respectively. The posts, along with the one or more hash-based IDs, are then passed to packetizer 619 which produces one or more of a snippet packet 620, an author packet 622, and a publisher packet 624, which are described in greater detail below.

The different data sources 502 (e.g., social media websites or other sites that provide comprehensive, real-time information streams, or sites such as internet forums that do not provide streaming posts), can be classified according to their respective connection type and dataset completeness. In some implementations, connection types include “continuous real-time stream” and “scheduled API call.” Dataset completeness can be “full,” indicating all data provided by a connection is collected, and “keyword filtered,” indicating only snippets that match at least one keyword in a specified dataset are received.

The Harvester Scheduler 602 periodically checks a timetable of sources stored in memory (e.g., by running a job scheduler such as Cron in UNIX or UNIX-like operating systems). The timetable of sources is used to keep track of the last known time the system has collected data from a particular source (e.g., a particular internet forum). Once a source is due for data harvesting, the source is scheduled into Harvester Boss 601. Harvester Boss 601 locates an available machine by contacting Harvester Manager 604 and passes the source information to a Harvester Minion 613, running on one machine. For ease of explanations, Harvester Minion 613 processes are explained with regard to a single Harvester Minion 613. It should be understood that, in some circumstances, one or more Harvester Minions 613 are running on one or more servers at any given time. Continuous stream-based sources that do not require a periodic API call are scheduled once. Harvester Minion 613 is responsible for maintaining the uptime for these types of stream-based data sources.

Alternatively, for sources with scheduled periodic API calls, Harvester Minion 613 schedules work by spawning as many Extractor Processes 615 as needed to maintain full keyword coverage without overloading the system. The Harvester Minion 613 will also periodically check its available resources and pass that information on to the Harvester Manager 604.

In some implementations, Extractor Processes 615 spawned by Harvester Minion 613 load a relevant extractor code for a respective source (e.g., direct scraper code, or API call code). Thus, in some implementations, system 520 receives a plurality of data streams 603 each corresponding to a respective data source 502 and receives a plurality of posts from each respective data source 502. In some implementations, an Extractor Processes 615 interacts (e.g., using Third Party Provider module 608) with third-party data providers such as SocialMention™, BoardReader™, or MoreOver™. Source codes also optionally utilize one or more direct scrapers 610. For example, in some circumstances, a pharmaceutical company may be interested in monitoring activity on a niche internet forum (e.g., they might want to monitor internet lupus forums in connection with the manufacture of a new lupus treatment). Third-party data providers, however, will often not provide real-time data streams with data from such niche forums. In such circumstances, the Harvester 522 includes a custom scraper that caters to the particular pharmaceutical company's interests. In some implementations, the Harvester 522 includes one or more direct application program interfaces (APIs) 612 provided by respective websites. For example, some social media websites allow users to publish certain data openly. The social media website will often provide API's so that outside developers can access that data.

Each post is extracted by the Harvester 522 via an extractor process spawned by a Harvester Minion 613. The Harvester Minion 613 loads the relevant extractor code for a respective source (e.g., direct scraper code, API call code) when spawning the extractor processes 615. The Harvester 522 receives, via a data stream 603, a raw coded post and the raw coded post is hashed using a hash function (such as a universal unique identifier, or UUID, standard) and backed up in the raw database 534 (FIG. 5). For example, the extractor process decodes an incoming post received from a respective data stream 603 and generates UUIDs for the contents of the post (text and title, Snippet Hasher 614), the author of the post (who wrote the snippet, Author Hasher 616), and the publisher of the post (where the snippet came from, Publisher Hasher 618), respectively. The extractor process 615 generates a plurality of packets corresponding to the post including one or more of: a snippet contents packet, an author packet, and a publisher packet. Packets are encoded using appropriate data structures as described below with reference to FIG. 7. Snippet contents packets are transmitted via the snippet packet channel 501 to other services including the Bouncer 536. Publisher packets are transmitted via publisher packet channel 503 to Publisher Discovery HyperEngine 524 for publisher profile development, as explained below. Author packets are transmitted via author packet channel 505 to Author Discovery HyperEngine 526 for author profile development, as explained below. Packets of a particular type (e.g., snippet contents, author, or publisher) are aggregated such that packets of the same type from different extractor processes on the system are combined into one stream per channel.

FIG. 7 illustrates example data structures for snippet packets 620, author packets 622, and publisher packets 624. Snippet packets 620 include a field for a hash key created by Snippet Hasher 614 for the snippet (Snippet UUID 711), a hash key created by Author Hasher 616 for the author of the snippet (Author UUID 712), and a hash key created by Publisher Hasher 618 for the publisher of the snippet (Publisher UUID 713). Author UUID 712 and Publisher UUID 713 are used by Author/Publisher Correlator 528 (FIG. 1) to associate other information about the author and publisher with the snippet in real-time, including an author's job, gender, location, ethnicity, education, and job status. Snippet packet 620 also optionally includes a title 714, text 715 (e.g., if the snippet corresponds to a social media post), and a timestamp 716, as well as other fields. Author packet 622 includes Author UUID 721, Snippet UUID 722 (e.g., through which the system can retrieve the snippet and corresponding author profile during deep author inspection by Author Discovery HyperEngine 524, FIG. 1). Author packet 622 optionally includes other fields containing information that can be garnered from the original post, such as a name 723 of the author, an age 724, a gender 725, and a friend count 726 (or a follower count or the like). Publisher packet 624 includes publisher UUID 731, snippet UUID 732 (e.g., which is used for later deep author inspection by Publisher Discovery HyperEngine 526, FIG. 1). Publisher packet 624 optionally includes other fields containing information that can be garnered from the original snippet, such as a publisher name 733, a URL 734 and the like. These data structures are optionally implemented as JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) encoded strings.

Snippet packets 620 are passed via path 501 (FIG. 5) from Harvester 522 to Author/Publisher Correlator 528 for author publisher/correlation, as described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 8.

FIG. 8 illustrates a memory architecture for achieving fast author/publisher correlation. Snippet packets are processed by the Bouncer 536 (FIG. 5B) according to their associated publisher and author information (including demographics), in addition to snippet content. To execute filters requiring this additional information while keeping the filtering process scalable and execution times meeting real-time requirements (e.g., on the order of 50 milliseconds), Author/Publisher Correlator 528 quickly (e.g., in real-time) correlates snippets with previously known data about their publishers and authors. A 3-level storage system is used to accomplish this fast correlation procedure. All author and publisher information is stored in a highly scalable data base system 802 (3rd level). All data is also pushed into an in-memory cache 804 (2nd level) that contains a full mirror of the author/publisher information. Lastly, the correlation processors maintain a least recently used (LRU) first level cache 806 in their own memory address space (1st level). For example, when a snippet is received, the Author/Publisher Correlator 528 performs a lookup operation attempting to access the snippet from the first level author cache 806-1 using the Authors UUID 721 as a hash key. When the lookup operation returns a cache miss, first level author cache 806-1 transmits the request to the second level author cache 804-1. When the lookup operation returns a cache miss at the second level author cache 804-1, the request is forward to author database 802-1, where it is read from disk.

Referring again to FIG. 5B, correlated snippet packets 513 are passed to the Bouncer 536 for processing. In some implementations, the processing in the Bouncer 536 includes parallel execution of multiple mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs) on every snippet packet 513 that is passed to the Bouncer 536. Efficient distribution of processing required by each mission definition (e.g., distribution to respective processors of the classification filters that are executed to classify, accept and/or reject the posts/snippet packets 513) enable the classification system 520 to process enormous numbers of posts per minute.

FIG. 9 illustrates Bouncer 536 in greater detail. Bouncer 536 is a real-time massively parallel classification (filtering) system. The filtering specification is specified via a set of regular expressions encapsulated in an object called a mission definition (as described above in greater detail, e.g., with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2). A mission definition is a high specificity data stream filter network defined by a set of filtering “models,” and taps (e.g., leaf nodes) organized in a general graph that defines what type of data to accept and what type of data to reject, based on content and metadata including information such as publisher, author, author demographics, author influence. Filters within a model are converted to finite state automata such as deterministic finite automata (DFAs) or non-deterministic automata (NDAs), and automatically parallelized and executed on multiple processing engines. The filtered data stream can be delivered to one or more destinations of various types, including, but not limited to, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, web consoles, electronic mail messages and short message service (SMS) messages.

As shown in FIG. 9, the Bouncer 536 is divided into four main components: a Scheduler 902, one or more Broadcasters 904, one or more NodeManagers 906 and one or more Workers 908. The Scheduler 902, Broadcasters 904, and an additional Broadcaster Manager 910 run on a master machine called Bouncer Master Node 909. NodeManagers 906 and Workers 908 run on slave machines called Bouncer Worker Nodes 903. Broadcaster Manager 910 manages and monitors the individual Broadcasters 904. Broadcasters 904 receive snippets from Harvester 522. Broadcasters 904 transmit the received snippets to Workers 908 and Workers 908 determine which mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs) accept those snippets. Scheduler 902 and NodeManagers 906 manage the execution of Workers 908 and update them as the mission definition descriptions change. All inter-process communication in Bouncer 536 is accomplished through a dedicated queue manager.

FIG. 10 illustrates example data structures for Bouncer Message Packets 1002. In some implementations, messages in Bouncer 536 are JSON-encoded strings. Messages have an “action” field that tells a receiving process (e.g., a worker 908) what to do with it. For example, possible values for the “action” field include: “add,” “remove,” “update,” “send_mission definition,” “initialize,” or “stop.” Messages also have a “type” field. Possible values for the “type” field include “mission definition” and “mission definition_search_term.” The data fields vary depending on the type. For example, several example structures (e.g., specific examples of Bouncer Message Packets 1002) for broadcaster messages 1004, mission definition control message 1006, and internal communication message 1008 are shown in detail in FIG. 10. Broadcaster messages 1004 include snippets. Mission definition control messages 1006 include message that add and remove mission definitions, and messages that add and remove search terms from a particular mission definition (e.g., filter graph). Internal communication messages 1010 include messages requesting that the Bouncer Master Node 1010 resend mission definition data, or shutdown a mission definition altogether.

The Scheduler 902 is the master process of the bouncer system. Scheduler 902 receives data about the mission definitions from a compiler (which is discussed in more detail with reference to FIG. 15). Scheduler 902 stores the data an internal hash table. When a particular worker 908 or NodeManager 906 fails, the scheduler 902 resends the relevant mission definition data using the internal hash, so as not to interact with the compiler more than necessary. Scheduler 902 also manages a list of machines performing the regular expression matching.

Referring again to FIG. 9, when the Scheduler 902 needs to use a machine for regular expression matching, it spawns a NodeManager 906 process to manage all workers on that machine. Whenever Scheduler 902 receives an update from the Broadcaster Monitor telling it to create a new mission definition, it forwards that update message to a respective NodeManager 906. Any future updates to that mission definition are also forwarded to the respective NodeManager 906.

When a NodeManager 906 is added to Bouncer 536, Scheduler 902 notifies Broadcaster Manager 910 so it can start broadcasting to Bouncer Worker Node 903 corresponding to the NodeManager 906. Alternatively, whenever a NodeManager 906 is removed from Bouncer 536, Scheduler notifies Broadcaster Manager 910 so it can stop broadcasting to Bouncer Worker Node 903 corresponding to the NodeManager 906. If Scheduler 902 receives an update that it cannot currently process (such as adding a search term to a mission definition that does not yet exist), Scheduler 902 places the update in a queue, and will attempt to handle it later. This allows messages that are received out-of-order to be roughly handled in the correct order. Messages that cannot be handled in a specified amount of time are deleted.

Broadcasters 904 are the connection between Bouncer 536 and Harvester 522. Broadcasters 904 receive snippets from the Harvester 522, and broadcast them to each Bouncer Worker Node 903 via a NodeManager 906. Scheduler 904 sends a list of NodeManagers 906 to Broadcaster Manager 910, who manages all the broadcaster processes that are running in parallel. In order to decrease the load on an individual broadcaster, the number of broadcaster processes is dynamically changed to be proportional to the number of NodeManagers 906. Broadcaster Manager 910 ensures that at least a desired number of broadcasters are running on Bouncer Master Mode 909 at a given moment, restarting them if necessary.

Broadcaster performance affects the overall performance of Bouncer 536. If the Broadcaster 904 cannot send snippets as fast as it receives them, the latency of the system increases. To avoid this, Harvester 522 manages snippet traffic as to not put too much load on any one individual Broadcaster 904. This is accomplished by making Harvester 522 aware of the current number of broadcaster processes in Bouncer 536, and having Harvester 522 send each snippet to a randomly selected broadcaster 904.

The Bouncer 536 needs to scale well as the number of mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs) increases. In implementations in which Broadcasters 904 communicate directly with Workers 906, the number of connections required is O(NM) where N is the number of mission definitions and M is the number of Broadcasters 904 (since each Broadcaster 904 must have a connection to each Worker 908). This will quickly surpass the maximum connection limit of a typical server running a fast work queue (such as a Beanstalk'd queue or an open source alternative). Thus, it is preferable to introduce an extra layer between Workers 908 and Broadcasters 904. In some implementations, the NodeManager 906 has one instance on each Bouncer Worker Node 903 in the Bouncer 536, and acts like a local broadcaster. The Broadcasters 904 then only need to broadcast to all NodeManagers 906 (of which there are far less than the number of mission definitions). The NodeManager 906 can then broadcast to the local Workers 908 using the local queues, which are much more efficient than global distributed queues when in a local context.

In some implementations, Bouncer 536 includes a plurality of Bouncer Worker Nodes 903. Each Bouncer Worker Node 903 is a machine (e.g., a physical machine or a virtual machine). Each Bouncer Worker Node 903 runs a single instance of a NodeManager 906 process, which is responsible for handling all the worker processes on that machine. It responds to “add” and “remove” messages from Scheduler 902, which cause it to startstop the worker processes, respectively. For example, the NodeManager 906 starts a worker 908 when it receives an “add” message from its Scheduler 902. The worker 908 can be stopped when NodeManager 906 receives a message with the “stop” action. When a mission definition's search terms are updated, Scheduler 902 sends a message to the appropriate NodeManager 906, which then forwards the message to the appropriate Worker 908. Unlike Scheduler 902 and Workers 908, NodeManager 906 does not maintain an internal copy of the mission definition data, since its purpose is to forward updates from Scheduler 902 to Workers 908. It also routinely checks the status of Workers 908. If one of its Workers 908 has failed, NodeManager 906 restarts the Worker 908 and tells Scheduler 902 to resend its mission definition data.

FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate an example flow for snippet processing. In some implementations, NodeManager 906 serves as the entry point for snippets on the Bouncer Worker Node 903. Snippets are sent to the NodeManager 906 via a fast work queue (e.g., a Beanstalk'd queue), and NodeManager 906 then broadcasts the snippets to all Workers 908. NodeManager 906 also manages a message queues (e.g., POSIX message queues) that are used to communicate with the Workers 908.

The worker processes perform the regular expression matching for Bouncer 536. There is typically one worker process per mission definition, so each worker has all the regular expression data needed to match snippets to its mission definition. By doing so, each worker operates independently from the others, thus avoiding any synchronization costs that would arise if the regular expressions of a mission definition were split over multiple workers. This parallelization method also scales well as the number of mission definitions increase, since the number of mission definitions does not affect the work done by a single worker (like it would if a worker handled multiple mission definitions).

In some implementations, a respective Worker 908 (e.g., a Worker 908-1) receives input snippets for a mission definition from a message queue, and outputs snippets accepted by the mission definition to a fast work queue (e.g., a Beanstalk'd queue). The respective worker 908 also maintains an internal copy of the search terms of that mission definition, and it receives updates to these via the input message queue. Similarly to other components in the system, the respective worker 908 will hold updates that it cannot immediately process and will try again later.

In some implementations, there are several stages involved in determining whether or not to accept a snippet (as shown in FIG. 11B). A snippet needs to pass through all the stages before it is accepted by the mission definition. First, worker 908 checks if the snippet's content (e.g., text) matches any of the mission definition's “accept” filters. Second, the snippet is discarded if its text matches any of the mission definition's “reject” filters. In some implementations, in addition to filtering by the snippet's content, Workers 908 can also filter a snippet using its author/publisher information and the language of the snippet. In some implementations, rather than utilizing the author/publisher Correlator 528 (FIG. 5), author/publisher correlation is only performed after a snippet has passed a missions content-related filters. In such implementations, a worker 908 looks up information regarding the author and/or publisher of the snippet (e.g., in a manner analogous to that which is described with reference to FIG. 8). Each of the author and publisher fields associated with the snippet should pass through its own “accept” and “reject” filters before being accepted. When the snippet's author/publisher does not have a field that is being filtered on, the filter specifies whether or not to accept the snippet. Since the author/publisher stage requires a look-up from an external location, it is expected to be slower than the snippet content filtering stage. But since a small percentage of snippets are expected to pass through the content filters, the lookup is only performed after the content has been accepted thus reducing the number of lookup requests by the workers. In addition to the regular expression filters, the mission definition also contains a set of accepted languages. This check is performed before any regular expression matching is done. If the snippet's “language” field matches a language in the set, the snippet goes through and is compared with the rest of the filters. If not, the snippit is discarded.

In some implementations, the actual regular expression matching is performed using IBM's ICU library. The ICU library assumes input snippets as UTF-8 encoded strings. A worker spawns multiple threads capable of doing the regular expression matching, so the worker can handle multiple snippets in parallel. In some implementations, multiple snippets may be associated with different sources. Each incoming snippet is assigned to a single worker thread that will perform the regular expression matching. Each thread reads from the mission definition data (but does not write) so it has access to the regular expressions necessary to match a snippet. This avoids the need for any synchronization between threads. One exception to this is when the worker needs to update the mission definition data, in which case all the snippet threads are blocked.

Once a snippet has passed all the author/publisher stages, the mission definition accepts snippet and outputs it to a predefined destination (e.g., in an email message, CRM, or the like).

FIG. 12 illustrates a traffic, (e.g., rate-limiting) system 1200 optionally included in bouncer 536. Traffic to bouncer 536 does not arrive from harvester 522 at a constant rate. Rather, the traffic pattern may contain periods of low/moderate traffic followed by very high peaks that bouncer 536 cannot keep up with. Even though Bouncer 536 can, on average, handle the traffic, the stream of snippets can quickly build up in memory during one of these peaks. Due to the high snippet traffic, this buildup could quickly consume all RAM on a bouncer worker node 903, rendering it unusable.

The rate-limiting system 1200 is designed to ensure that peaks in traffic do not cause peaks in memory usage. Bouncer master node 909 broadcasts all snippets to each bouncer worker node 903. There, each snippet is placed in a local node queue 1202. A separate worker process pulls items off of a respective Local Node Queue 1202 and processes them through each filter on that Bouncer Worker Node 903. If the amount of processing cannot keep up with the incoming traffic, the respective local queue 1202 increases in size.

The Bouncer Master Node 909 monitors the size of the various Local Node Queues 1202 and uses them as feedback into the rate-limiting system 1200. In some implementations, a maximum rate is set to a value proportional to the cube of the average downstream queue size, x. A cubic function (e.g., kx³, where k is a proportionality constant) provides a smooth transition between unlimited and limited traffic. For example, a queue size of 1 snippet happens very often and is no need to limit the rate at which snippets are fed to local queues 1202. However, were a linear function chosen, even a queue size of 1 would cause a noticeable rate limit delay. With a cubic function, however, the rate limit delay is not noticeable until the queue size is significant.

When the traffic from the Harvester 522 goes above a maximum rate (e.g., a rate which is inversely proportional to the rate limit delay), incoming snippets are placed into a Global Master Queue 1204 on the Bouncer Master Node 909. Global Master Queue 1204 writes items to disk-storage as it grows, ensuring that RAM usage does not grow out of control as snippets build up.

FIG. 13 illustrates a monitoring and debugging packet injection system 1300, in accordance with some implementations. In general, a snippet stream 1302 that includes all of the snippets harvested by harvester 522 is transmitted to each mission definition via the path 515 (see FIG. 5). The snippet stream 1302 includes all of the relevant snippets (e.g., in some implementations, all of the snippets) and also includes a heartbeat message that is broadcast periodically (e.g., once a second). The heartbeat message informs subscribers that the feed is still active. However, a feed can remain silent for arbitrarily long periods of time without sending out any alarms. This is not an error, but it is indistinguishable from an internal error in the broadcasting network of bouncer 536 (e.g., an error in which snippets are not making it to the respective mission definition).

To detect this sort of error, a “debug” packet 1303 is periodically inserted into the snippet stream 1302 going into the bouncer 536 (1303-a indicates where the debug packet 1303 is initially inserted). Debug packets are configured as snippets that are accepted by every mission definition. To test the broadcasting network of the bouncer 536, a Debug Packet Router 1304 connects to every mission definition feed and waits for the next debug packet 1303. When it receives a debug packet, Debug Packet Router 1304 passes it to a stream monitoring service 1306 (1303-b indicates where the debug packet is routed by the debug packet router 1304). If a stream monitoring service 1306 receives the debug packet, then snippets have successfully arrived at the mission definition. Otherwise, a problem is detected with the mission definition and the problem can be reported using an alarm.

FIGS. 14A-14B illustrates an analytics/alarm hyper-engine system 538 (see FIG. 5) in accordance with some implementations. In some implementations, analytics data is collected and stored for different mission definitions (e.g., mission definition 1402). In some implementations, packet volumes for all streams are continuously calculated according to their publisher time and media type. Low latency access is required for two uses of analytics data-instantaneous monitoring and historical querying. Both instantaneous monitoring and historical querying require loading, organizing and delivering millions of data points. Instantaneous monitoring requires continuous calculation of volume averages to support trend analysis for predictive analytics and threat detection. Historical queries require access to any time range of stream data with arbitrary selection of granularity, sorting, and attributes. Interactive speed is necessary to support deep exploration of data. In addition, high scalability is required to maintain peak performance as data accumulates and new classification streams are added to the system.

In some implementations, the alarm analytics hyperEngine 538 is divided into two main pathways (e.g., sub-components), real-time pathway 1401 (shown in FIG. 14A) and a long-term pathway 1403 (shown in FIG. 14B), to provide optimum performance for processing, real-time and/or nearly real-time monitoring and historical queries. The real-time pathway 1401 is the entry point for streams of classified packets. In some implementations, a stream of classified packets (sometimes referred to as “classification streams”) exists for each mission definition and comprises packets broadcast to the mission definition as well as information indicating whether the packet was accepted, or not accepted, by the mission definition. The real-time pathway 1401 operates on continuously changing data at high transmission rates while providing fast access to millions of data points. In some implementations, the following tasks are performed within a data flow in the real-time pathway 1401:

-   -   Receiving classification streams from each executable mission         definition;     -   Continuously calculating analytics for each classification         stream;     -   Regularly publishing analytics data to a real-time store;     -   Caching real-time data packets to minimize retrieval latency and         network traffic; and     -   Serving applications large quantities of stream analytics data         at high speed.

In some implementations, real-time pathway 1401 is executed by an analytics worker. In some implementations, an individual analytics worker executing real-time pathway 1401 is dedicated to each mission definition.

In some implementations, executing real-time pathway 1401 includes a stream analytics and dispatch pool 1406 for each classification stream broadcast by the mission definition 1402. Each stream analytics and dispatch pool 1406 continuously calculates analytics for packets received from the stream according to the packets' publisher time and media type. The stream analytics and dispatch pools 1406 regularly publish analytics to a real-time analytics store 1408.

In some implementations, the real-time pathway 1401 includes a stream analytics worker state store 1414. Two queues-a running queue and a waiting queue—are maintained in the stream analytics worker state store 1414 to identify which mission definitions already have an analytics worker assigned, and which require an analytics worker. When assigned to a mission definition an analytics worker continuously publishes heartbeat messages and subscribes to control messages (e.g., mission definition control messages 1006, FIG. 6) related to its stream.

In some implementations, the real-time pathway 1401 includes a stream analytics monitor 1416. The stream analytics monitor 1416 includes a watchdog process that maintains the queues in the worker state store 1414 and monitors worker heartbeats. When a worker stops publishing heartbeats it is marked as dead and its mission definition is queued for reassignment to another worker. The stream analytics monitor 1416 subscribes to system messages related to stream states and forwards control messages to the appropriate workers.

In some implementations, real-time pathway 1401 includes an analytics averager 1412. There, averages are continuously calculated for all stream analytics and published to the real-time analytics store 1408. This data is used for trend analysis in threat detection and predictive analytics.

In some implementations, real-time pathway 1401 includes the real-time analytics store 1408. There, a storage layer is provided to facilitate parallelization of stream analytics and to protect against data loss in the event of worker failure. The storage layer keeps all data in memory to optimize data access speed and regularly persists data to disk to provide fault tolerance.

In some implementations, real-time pathway 1401 includes a real-time analytics cache warmer pool 1410. Because a single mission definition may potentially require continuously scanning millions of data points, stream analytics are packaged, compressed, and cached in real-time analytics cache warmer pool 1410 for speed and efficiency. This operation is distributed across a pool of workers for scalability.

In some implementations, real-time pathway 1401 includes a real-time analytics cache 1418, which receives stream analytics packages from analytics cache warmer pool 1410 and keeps information corresponding to the stream analytics packages in memory by a cache layer. This provides fast and consistent data to all downstream applications.

In some implementations, the real-time pathway 1401 includes a real-time analytics server cluster 1420. Real-time analytics server cluster 1420 comprises a cluster of servers that handles application requests for stream analytics. Each server is responsible for loading requested packages from the cache layer, decompressing packages, and translating raw analytics to a format optimized for network transmission and application consumption.

Referring to FIG. 14B, the long-term pathway 1403 provides permanent storage for analytics. The long-term pathway 1403 operates on large amounts of historical data. By partitioning data into parallel storage cells, long-term pathway 1403 provides high scalability, high availability, and high speed querying of time series analytics. In some implementations, the following tasks are performed within a data flow in the long-term pathway 1403:

-   -   Regularly retrieving analytics data from the real-time store.     -   Persisting data to analytics store cells.     -   Maintaining a topology of analytics store cells.     -   Continuously monitoring performance of analytics store cells and         perform maintenance as necessary.     -   Dispatching alarms if system performance degrades.     -   Serving applications with query results summarizing large         quantities of historical data at high speed.

In some implementations, an individual worker executing long-time pathway 1403 is dedicated to each mission definition.

In some implementations, long-term analytics pathway 1403 includes an analytics archiver 1420. There, historical stream analytics data is regularly transferred from the real-time pathway to permanent storage. An archive process loads data from the real-time analytics store 1408 and persists it to long-term analytics storage cells 1422 (e.g., in Analytics Long-term Store 1424), selecting appropriate storage cells based on information returned from the topology cells 1426 and the load balancer 1430.

In some implementations, long-term analytics pathway 1403 includes topology cells 1426. The distribution of data across storage cells 1422 is maintained in an indexed topology. The topology is replicated across multiple cells 1426 to provide high availability.

In some implementations, long-term analytics pathway 1403 includes an analytics store cell topology 1428. The topology stores the locations and functions of all storage cells, as well as the mapping of data to storage cells. The topology is consulted for information insertion and retrieval.

In some implementations, long-term analytics pathway 1403 includes one or more analytics store cells 1422. Data is evenly distributed across multiple storage cells to provide high availability and high scalability.

In some implementations, long-term analytics pathway 1403 includes an analytics long-term store 1424. The core of a storage cell is its permanent data store. Data within a store is partitioned into multiple indexed tables. Data store size and table size are optimized to fit in system memory to provide low latency queries.

In some implementations, long-term analytics pathway 1403 includes a load monitor 1428. The monitor 1428 process regularly collects statistics for the data store and system resource utilization, publishing the results to the system health store.

In some implementations, long-term analytics pathway 1403 includes load balancer 1430. When data must be mapped to a storage cell the load balancer is responsible for selecting the optimum mapping. Storage cell load statistics are read from the system health store and the load balancer selects the storage cell that will provide the most even distribution of data across cells.

In some implementations, long-term analytics pathway 1403 includes a analytics system health database 1432. Statistics for data stores and system resource utilization across all storage cells are centralized in the system health store.

Optimization for Real-Time, Parallel Execution of Models for Extracting High-Value Information from Data Streams

FIG. 15 illustrates the process of specifying and compiling a mission definition. A filter network specification 1502 is produced using, for example, a Visio Modeling Studio. In some implementations, for example, the visual modeling studio is an application with a user interface that allows users to drag-and-drop particular models into a general graph, as described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 16 and 17. A parallelizing compiler 1504 optimizes the filter network specification 1502 by, for example, appropriately merging, reordering filters and removing cycles (e.g., closed circuits within the general graph) that are extraneous to the filter and result in non-optimized performance. The parallelizing compiler 1504 also optimizes the manner in which filters are distributed to one or more processors in the Massively Parallel Classification HyperEngine 536. In some implementations, the parallelizing compiler 1504 is a pre-compiler that performs the tasks of optimizing the general graph and parallelizing the filters, but it does not translate the filters (e.g., the regular expression definitions) into machine readable code. In such implementations, the regular expressions are translated into deterministic finite automatons (DFA) by the parallelizing compiler 1504 and the DFAs are interpreted by a DFA interpreter coupled with the one or more processors in the Massively Parallel Classification HyperEngine 536.

The compiled mission definitions 1506 (e.g., mission definition a, mission definition b, mission definition c) are then transmitted to Massively Parallel Classification HyperEngine 536.

The purpose of the parallelizing compiler 1504 is to convert the high-level mission definition description language (comprising filters and taps) into a network of regular expressions that can be applied against incoming traffic efficiently. This compilation process consists of several steps:

-   -   Convert each instance of a filter to a set of regular         expressions (regexes).     -   Concatenate regular expressions associated with a chain of         filters into a single regular expression.     -   Merge the filters into a single graph, and “flatten” the filter         network.     -   Perform various optimizations to generate the final graph of         regex stages.     -   Combine trees of chain mission definitions into a single large         mission definition (to simplify chain mission definition         handling).     -   Assign the filter graph and associated mission definition feeds         to appropriate worker VMs.

A filter consists of one or more phrases, short keywords/regular expressions, as well as options describing how the phrases combine together. A phrase may be a user-defined variable, which differs for each instance of that phrase. These phrases, together with the spacing options, can be used to generate one or more regular expressions. The follow are two examples:

-   -   “a”, “b”, “c”, all phrases beginning with “a”, including “b”,         and ending with “c” with whitespace in-between is encapsulated         as the regular expression: (a\s+b\s+c).     -   “hello”, “world”, an instance of any of the two words is         encapsulated as the regular expression (hello) and (world) OR         (hellolworld).

In some implementations, blocks of filters are split into multiple regular expressions for readability and performance. When a block must be concatenated with other blocks, it is always compiled to a single regular expression.

Filters in sequence are combined with a Boolean AND operation (e.g., a snippet must pass both Filter 1 AND Filter 2). Predefined groups of filters (called blocks) combine differently in sequence, by concatenating each regex from the blocks in order. For example, consider these blocks (previously compiled into regexes):

-   -   Sequence of Regex: (hello)→(\s+\S+){1.5}?\s+→(world)     -   Concatenated Regex: (hello)(\s+\S+){1,5}?\s+(world)

A filter represented by this sequence therefore accepts any snippet containing the word “hello” followed by up to 5 other words (separated by spaces) and then by the word “world.”

Difficulty arises if the blocks in the graph are not all in sequence (e.g., some blocks are arranged in parallel). In this case, a regular expression is generated for all possible paths through the graph. In some implementations, this is accomplished via a depth-first traversal of this group of blocks to identify all of the paths. Groupings of blocks that have been merged are then referred to as stages.

FIG. 16 illustrates combining blocks in the graph are not all in sequence. As shown in the figure, before the combination 1600-1, a filter network specification includes two filters F1 and F2 that are in sequence with a block B1. Blocks B2 and B3 are sequential, forming a path that is in parallel with another block B4. After the combination 1600-2, each parallel path is combined with the block B1, generating a regular expression for a possible path through the graph.

Once all groups of blocks have been compiled into regexes, each filter and block effectively forms a sub-graph of the mission definition. The parallelizing compiler 1504 recursively looks at each filter and block contained within a stage and merges its sub-graph into a larger graph. Since blocks may contain other filters, blocks are checked first (resulting in a depth-first traversal of the filter dependencies). The options associated with each filter (field, accept/reject, etc.) only apply to blocks in that graph, not the sub-graphs. Once the flattening is done, the result is a graph containing only stages of grouped regular expressions.

At this point, the graph can be optimized to decrease the work required to check a snippet. In some implementations, the parallelizing compiler 1504 utilizes one or more of the following optimizations:

-   -   Stages sharing the same options and marked as “accept” are         merged into a single stage if they are in parallel;     -   Stages sharing the same options and marked as “reject” are         merged into a single stage if they are in sequence;     -   Stages are reordered for fast rejection of snippets (e.g.,         blocks that require a fewer number of operations are applied to         snippets earlier in the graph than blocks requiring a greater         number of operations).

For an accept stage, a snippet is accepted if it matches any regex in the stage. Therefore, any separate accept stage that are in parallel are merged into a single block (simplifying the graph traversal). Parallel stages will only be merged if they share the exact same predecessors and successors. In the case of a reject stage, where a snippet passes if it does not match any regex, different merging logic is required. Instead of parallel stages, stages are only considered for merging when they are in sequence.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of merging accept and reject regexes. As shown in 1700-1, accept regexes that are in parallel (e.g., accept regex #1, accept regex #2, accept regex #3) are merged whereas reject regexes that are in series (e.g., reject regexes #1, reject regex #2, reject regex #3) are merged.

In some circumstances, snippets are most likely to be rejected by the first few stages they encounter. Smaller stages (with fewer regexes) are faster to check. Therefore, further optimization occurs by reorganizing the stages to increase performance. In a chain of stages (or groups of stages), the parallelizing compiler 1504 reorders the stages to place the smaller ones ahead of other stages. Reordering allows smaller stages to reject those snippets as early as possible without checking them against the larger stages that come behind the smaller stages.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of reordering stages based on the number of operations necessary for determining whether the stage accepts or rejects a snippet (e.g., the number of regexes that the snippet is to be checked against within a stage). Stage 1802 includes 132 regexes, stage 1804 includes 2 regexes, and stage 1806 includes 32 regexes. Therefore, after reordering (e.g., to place the stages with the fewest number of regexes earliest), the reordered stages occur in the order: stage 1804, stage 1806, stage 1802.

In some implementations, mission definitions are chained together such that they receive their inputs from other mission definitions rather than the Harvester 522. These mission definitions are referred to as chain mission definition s. Chain mission definitions present additional restrictions on stage merging and reordering because a snippet cannot be checked against a chain mission definition until all mission definitions in the chain have also been checked (thus, chain mission definitions include constraints on their placement within the chain). To handle this, all chain mission definitions connected to a Harvester mission definition are combined into one single mission definition graph. Each mission definition is treated as a special version of a tap.

Once a mission definition has been compiled, it is assigned to one or more virtual machines (VM) where snippet processing takes place. In some implementations, a mission definition includes two components: a filter graph and a list of feed names (e.g., names corresponding to data sources 522). Each feed is assigned to a location, and it receives accepted snippets from the VM where the filter graph is located. It then publishes the snippet to all downstream systems. Decoupling snippet processing from the publishing stage allows the mission definition graph to be freely moved between VMs without dropping any snippets. This is helpful for the dynamic load balancing described later.

Snippets are processed in parallel. The system 502 exploits the fact that filter graphs are independent of each other to boost performance by massive parallelization. Parallel processing is achieved on 2 levels: among the different machines in the system, and among each core on a single machine.

Parallelism amongst different machines happens when each respective mission definition is allocated to a VM (e.g., at least two mission definitions are allocated respectively to distinct virtual machines). The mission definitions are divided up equally (or substantially equally) among the VMs. Each respective VM receives a duplicate of the entire snippet stream, so the VM can process the stream according to the mission definition filter graphs assigned to that machine independently of other mission definition filter graphs assigned to other machines. When a new mission definition is added, it is assigned to the VM that has the least load at the moment.

In some implementations, the load of a mission definition is measured by the average number of streaming classification operations per second (SCOPS) required to check a snippet. Changes in a mission definition (or the creation/destruction of a mission definition) may change the load of the mission definition. As a result, the load on the VMs may become unbalanced over time. To counter this, the system 502 implements dynamic load balancing. The load of each mission definition is periodically measured, and then mission definitions are redistributed among the VMs to keep the load as balanced as possible. In order to prevent dropped or duplicated snippet, the entire system is be synchronized.

When necessary, in some implementations, a mission definition graph is split into smaller but equivalent graphs. This allows the dynamic load-balancing process to have finer control over the distribution of work.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of splitting a mission definition graph into three smaller equivalent graphs by creating a new mission definition for each tap (e.g., leaf node). In some implementations, the new mission definition for a respective tap is determined by taking the union of all paths leading from the start node to that Tap, for example, by using a depth-first search. In the example shown in FIG. 19, the system determines that, to reach Tap #1, a snippet must pass F1 AND F2 AND F3. To reach Tap #2, a snippet must pass F1 AND F2 AND (F3 OR F4). Likewise, to reach Tap #3, a snippet must pass F1 AND F2 AND F5. Thus, the mission definition graph shown in 1900-1 can be split into three respective filter graphs shown in 1900-2. If stages F1 and F2 accept a large amount of traffic but are significantly easier to check than F3, F4 and F5, then the system will benefit from splitting the mission definition. When other Taps (e.g., other than the respective tap) are encountered (e.g., in the depth-first search), the other taps are disabled for new mission definition corresponding to the respective tap.

Virtual machine level parallelism occurs on a single VM. All available cores check incoming snippets against all local mission definitions in parallel. Snippets are distributed evenly between cores.

To determine if a mission definition will accept a snippet, the content of the snippet is checked against the mission definition's filter graph. Initially, the snippet is checked against the root stage of the filter graph. If it passes through a stage, it is checked against that stage's successors, and so on, until it fails a stage's check. When that happens, the traversal stops. A snippet is accepted if the traversal finds its way to an end stage (either a mission definition endpoint, or a tap).

To avoid doing unnecessary checks and therefore improving the system performance, and early rejection optimization is disclosed herein. If at any point it becomes impossible for a snippet's traversal to hit an endpoint, the traversal is terminated (even if there are still paths to check). This is implemented by determining “dominator” stages for each endpoint. A stage X “dominates” another stage Y if every path that reaches Y must include X. An endpoint's list of dominators is pre-computed as part of the compilation process. If a snippet fails to pass through a dominator stage, the dominated endpoint is marked as being checked. Traversal finishes when all endpoints have been marked as being checked (either by reaching them explicitly or rejected through dominators).

In some implementations, the existence of cycles in the filter specification (e.g., closed form cycles, also referred to as closed circuits) is detrimental to system performance. These cycles occur when a user unwittingly connects the output of a model to the input of the same model (e.g., indirectly, with other filters and/or blocks in between) in a filtering chain, thus creating a feedback closed circuit. In some implementations, the compiler detects and removes such closed circuits while performing the compiler optimization operations (e.g., like those discussed above). In alternative implementations, a closed circuit removal stage of the parallel compiler 1504 is run every time a user edits the filtering network (e.g., in the visual modeling studio).

FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating different components of the system 520 that are configured for analyzing stream data in accordance with some implementations. The system 520 includes one or more processors 2002 for executing modules, programs and/or instructions stored in memory 2102 and thereby performing predefined operations; one or more network or other communications interfaces 2100; memory 2102; and one or more communication buses 2104 for interconnecting these components. In some implementations, the system 520 includes a user interface 2004 comprising a display device 2008 and one or more input devices 2006 (e.g., keyboard or mouse).

In some implementations, the memory 2102 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, or other random access solid state memory devices. In some implementations, memory 2102 includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. In some implementations, memory 2102 includes one or more storage devices remotely located from the processor(s) 2002. Memory 2102, or alternately one or more storage devices (e.g., one or more nonvolatile storage devices) within memory 2102, includes a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. In some implementations, memory 2102 or the computer readable storage medium of memory 2102 stores the following programs, modules and data structures, or a subset thereof:

-   -   an operating system 2106 that includes procedures for handling         various basic system services and for performing hardware         dependent tasks;     -   a network communications module 2108 that is used for connecting         the system 520 to other computers (e.g., the data sources 502 in         FIG. 5A) via the communication network interfaces 2100 and one         or more communication networks (wired or wireless), such as the         Internet, other wide area networks, local area networks,         metropolitan area networks, etc.;     -   a Harvester 522 for collecting and processing (e.g.,         normalizing) data from multiple data sources 502 in FIG. 5A, the         Harvester 522 further including a Harvester Boss 601, a         Scheduler 602, a Harvester Manager 604, and one or more         Harvester Minions 613-1, which are described above in connection         with FIG. 6, and a Harvester Minion 613-1 further including a         snippet extractor 615 for generating packets for the snippets,         authors, and publishers encoded using appropriate data         structures as described above with reference to FIG. 7, and a         snippet hasher 614, an author hasher 616, and a publisher hasher         618 for generating a hash key for the snippet content, author,         and publisher of the snippet, respectively;     -   a Publisher Discovery HyperEngine 524 for inspecting the data         stream from the data sources 502 in order to develop a publisher         profile for a data source based on, e.g., the snippets published         on the data source and storing the publisher profile in the         publisher store 530;     -   an Author Discovery HyperEngine 526 for inspecting the data         stream from the data sources 502 in order to develop an author         profile for an individual based on, e.g., the snippets written         by the individual on the same or different data sources and         storing the author profile in the author store 532;     -   an Author/Publisher Correlator 528 for performing real-time data         correlation with existing author information in the author         database 802-1 and existing publisher information in the         publisher database 802-2 to determine a respective snippet's         author and publisher;     -   a Bouncer 536 for identifying high-value information for a         client of the system 520 from snippets coming from different         data sources by applying the snippets to mission definitions         associated with the client, the Bouncer 536 further including a         bouncer master node 909 and one or more bouncer worker nodes         903, the bouncer master node 909 further including a scheduler         902, a broadcaster master 910, and one or more broadcasters 904,         whose functions are described above in connection with FIG. 9,         and each bouncer master node 909 further including a node         manager 906 and one or more workers 908 (each worker handling at         least one mission definition 908-1), a more detailed description         of the components in the Bouncer 536 can be found above in         connection with FIG. 9;     -   a Parallelizing Compiler 1504 for optimizing a filter network         specification associated with a client of the system 520 by,         e.g., appropriately merging, reordering filters and removing         cycles from the resulting filter network, etc.;     -   an Alarm/Analytics HyperEngine 538 for determining if and how to         deliver alarm messages produced by the Bouncer 536 to end-users         using, e.g., predefined communication protocols with the         end-users, and generating short-term or long-term statistics         through analyzing the incoming information as well historical         information from the data sources and determining whether or not         to trigger alarms for any violations of predefined criteria         associated with a client of the system; and     -   a Raw Database 934 for backing up snippets from the data         sources, e.g., after the snippets are normalized by Harvester         522, each snippet having content, author, and publisher         information.

It should be noted that the programs, modules, databases, etc., in the Pulsar system 520 describe above in connection with FIG. 20 may be implemented on a single computer server or distributed among multiple computer servers that are connected by a computer network. Although a specific hardware configuration may affect the performance of the Pulsar system 520, the implementation of the present application does not have any dependency on a particular hardware configuration.

FIG. 21 is a flow chart illustrating a method 2100 of creating hierarchical, parallel models for extracting in real time high-value information from data streams and system, in accordance with some implementations. The method 2100 is performed at a computer system including a plurality of processors and memory storing programs for execution by the processors.

The method 2100 includes receiving (2102) a mission definition. In some embodiments, a mission definition comprises a filter graph. The mission definition includes a plurality of classification models, each classification model including one or more filters that accept or reject packets. For example, in some embodiments, each classification model is a node on the filter graph (e.g., a “filter node”). Each respective filter is categorized by a number of operations (e.g., a count, such as 4, 6, or 9 operations), and the collection of filters is arranged in a general graph (e.g., the filter graph is defined by the plurality of classification models/filter nodes and a plurality of graph edges connecting the classification models/filter nodes). In some implementations, the filter graph is a directed graph, meaning that there is a direction associated with each graph edge. In other words, the filter graph is configured such that packets move from filter node to filter node within the graph with a predefined direction associated with the graph edge connecting the two filters nodes.

In some implementations, filter graphs are stored in a computer file or data structure. For ease of explanation, such computer files or data structures are also referred to as “filter graphs.” In some implementations, the mission definition (e.g., filter graph) is received by a particular module in the computer system (e.g., Bouncer 536, FIG. 5) from a different module in the computer system (e.g., Parallelizing Compiler 538, FIG. 5). In some implementations, the mission definition (e.g., filter graph) is received from an external computer system (e.g., an external client or server connected to the computer system via a network connection). In some implementations, the mission definition (e.g., filter graph) is received at one or more processors of the computer system (e.g., processors 2002, FIG. 20).

In some implementations, each of the models includes (2104) one or more accept or reject filters. In some implementations, the accept and reject filters are at least partially embodied as regular expressions (which, for example, can be embodied at a lower computing level, such as in machine code, as deterministic finite automata (DFAs) or non-deterministic automata (NDA)). The reject filters are configured to reject packets based on the content and/or metadata information associated with the individual packets and the accept filters are configured to accept packets based on the content and/or metadata information associated with the individual packets. In some implementations, each of the mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs) is configured to identify an incoming packet as a packet with high value information when the incoming packet is not rejected by any of the reject filters and the particular packet is accepted by a predefined combination of the accept filters. In some implementations, the predefined combination is each of the accept filters. In some implementations, the reject and accept filters are defined using one or more of: regular expressions or any Non-Deterministic Automata (NDA)/Deterministic Finite automata (DFA) specification language. In some implementations, the reject and accept filters are configured for execution in parallel on a plurality of the processors.

In some implementations, each of the models embody one or more of: lexical filters, semantic filters, and ontological filters.

In some implementations, the method 2100 further includes generating (2106) automatically, without user intervention, regular expressions for at least some of the filters associated with the particular mission definition (e.g., filter graph) in order to configure the filters to accept or reject the individual packets in a data stream that include keywords in the content information in view of logical operators associated with the keywords. In some embodiments, the graph edges of a respective filter graph are generated in accordance with logical relationships between the classification models (e.g., filter nodes) of a mission definition (e.g., filter graph). In some implementations, the logical operators include NOT, OR, NOR, NAND and XOR. In some implementations, the regular expressions are generated (2108) in view of selected pre-existing classification models (e.g., filter nodes) saved in a model library, and the pre-existing classification models are selected based on the keywords. For example, in some circumstances, a front-end user will develop a mission definition (e.g., filter graph) using an integrated development environment (IDE) with a graphical user interface and one or more libraries of models, each of which comprises one or more filters. In such circumstances, the user will “drag-and-drop” models into place to form (e.g., organize the models into) a general graph, which represents the mission definition (e.g., filter graph). In some implementations, one or more of the models will be keyword-based (e.g., filters within the model will be configured to accept or reject packets having a particular brand name within the contents of the packet). In some implementations, the models are organized into a general graph automatically without user intervention (e.g., by a client interface or a compiler).

In some implementations, the models include one or more of textual filters that are applied to text content of the packets, author filters that are applied to the author information associated with the packet, or publisher filters that are applied to the publisher information associated with the packets.

In some implementations, processing each of the packets includes first executing the textual filters on the content of the packets, including executing one or more reject or accept filters that reject or accept a packet based on the content and/or metadata of the packet, then executing the author and/or publisher filters on the packets not rejected by the textual filters, including executing one or more reject or accept filters that reject or accept a packet based respectively the author or publisher information associated with the packet. In some implementations, the accept and reject filters include accept and reject text filters that are applied in real-time to text content of the packets.

In some implementations, the keywords are translated by a compiler into regular expressions. In some implementations, each of the mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs) is independent of other mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs).

In some implementations, a subset of the classification models (e.g., filter nodes) in one or more of the mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs) are concatenated in a one-dimensional chain, so as to enable extraction of high-value information at different levels of specificity for the one or more mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs). For example, one or more of the mission definitions (e.g., filter graph) include a plurality of taps (e.g., leaf nodes of the filter graph, as described, for example, with reference to FIG. 1) positioned at the outputs of respective models, such that the taps allow the state of the respective model to be examined and/or used as inputs to other mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs) and/or models.

The method 2100 further includes preparing (2110) the mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs) for execution on the plurality of processors (e.g., compiling, optimizing, and the like).

The method 2100 further includes, in response to receiving a first data stream with a plurality of first packets, distributing (2112) each of the first packets to inputs of each of the executable mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs).

The method 2100 further includes, identifying (2114), using each of the executable mission definitions (e.g., in accordance with each of the executable mission definitions), respective ones of the first packets with high value information according to the respective mission definition (e.g., filter graph), based on parallel execution of the models included in the respective mission definition.

In some implementations, the method 2100 further includes, injecting a plurality debug packet into the first data stream in accordance with a predetermined schedule.

In some implementations, the method 2100 further includes determining, in accordance with the predetermined schedule, whether the debug packet was received at a terminus of each of the executable mission definitions. Reception of the debug packet at a respective terminus of a respective executable mission definition indicates active broadcasting of packets to the respective executable mission definition

In some implementations, the method 2100 further includes, when the debug packet was not received at the respective terminus, providing an indication to a user of the respective mission definition that broadcasting of packets to the respective mission definition is not active.

FIGS. 22A-22C are flow charts illustrating a method 2200 for real-time extraction of high-value information from data streams, in accordance with some implementations. The method 2200 is performed at a computer system including a plurality of processors and memory storing programs for execution by the processors.

In some implementations, as a preliminary operation, the method 2200 includes harvesting (2202), using a third-party data aggregator, at least one first post in the plurality of posts (cf. 2208) from a first website, and harvesting, using the third-party data aggregator, at least one second post in the plurality of posts from a second website.

In some implementations, as a preliminary operation, the method 2200 includes harvesting using a direct crawler associated with a third website, one or more third posts in the plurality of posts (cf. 2208) from the third website. As described previously, direct harvesting is particularly useful when, for example, a relatively niche website (e.g., a website that is unlikely to be crawled by a third-party data aggregator) publishes a large number of posts that are of potentially high-value to a particular front-end user (e.g., a client/company).

In some implementations, as a preliminary operation, the method 2200 includes harvesting, using an application program interface (API) associated with a fourth website, one or more fourth posts in the plurality of posts (cf. 2208) from the fourth website. For example, several prominent social networking sites provide API's for harvesting a subset of the post published thereon. Often, users of such social networking sites will published posts on the social networking sites, for example, expressions frustration or satisfaction regarding a company and/or their product (e.g., the post represents high value information to the company). In some circumstances, such a post will be made available publicly using the social networking sites API, and thus can be harvested in that manner.

The method 2200 includes receiving (2208) a plurality of data streams. Each of the data streams includes a plurality of posts (e.g., via any of the harvesting operations 2202, 2204, and/or 2206). Each of the posts includes a content portion and one or more source characteristics. In some implementations, the one or more source characteristics include (2210) one or more of author information and publisher information.

In some implementations, the method 2200 further includes normalizing (2212) the author information and/or publisher information according to a standard author and/or publisher source format. For example, in some circumstances, author information for first posts (cf. 2202) will be held in a field unique to the first website, whereas author information for second posts (cf. 2202) will be held in a field unique to the second website. In this example, normalizing the author information according to a standard author format will include parsing the first posts and second posts in accordance with the first and second websites, respectively, to produce consistent author packets regardless of their origin. In this manner, the origin of a post (e.g., the first or second website) is transparent to downstream elements of the computer system.

In some implementations, the method 2200 further includes associating (2214) the author information and the publisher information with respective posts associated with the same author and/or publisher. For example, a publisher profile is accessed in publisher store 530 and said publisher profile is updated with the publisher information. As another example, an author profile is accessed in author store 532 and said author profile is updated with the author information. In some implementations, associating operation 2214 occurs in real-time. In some implementations, associating operation 2214 occurs in near real-time.

The method 2200 further includes, in real time (2216), for each post in a particular data stream:

-   -   assigning (2218) the post a post identifier (e.g., a post UUID);     -   assigning (2220) each of the one or more source characteristics         a respective source identifier (e.g., an author or publisher         UUID);     -   generating (2222) a content packet and one or more source         packets; the content packet includes a respective source         identifier and content information corresponding to the content         portion of the post, and the one or more source packets each         include the post identifier as well as source information         corresponding to a respective source characteristic;     -   querying (2224) the memory to access a source profile using the         respective source identifier;     -   correlating (2226) the content packet with information from the         source profile to produce a correlated content packet     -   broadcasting (2228) the correlated content packet to a plurality         of mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs); each of the         mission definitions is configured to identify posts with high         value information according to the respective mission         definition, each of the mission definitions being configured to         execute on at least a subset of the plurality of processors.

In some implementations, the method 2200 further includes, in near real-time, updating (2230) the source profile using the information corresponding to the respective source characteristics.

In some implementations, the method 2200 further includes indexing (2232) each post in the data stream, and storing each post in the data stream. In some implementations, one or both of the indexing and storing operations occurs in real-time. In some implementations, one or both of the indexing and storing operations occurs in near real-time.

In some implementations, the computer system includes (2234) a source profile caching sub-system with one or more cache levels including at least a first-level cache storing a plurality of first source profiles and a second-level cache storing a plurality of second source profiles. In such implementations, the querying 2218 further includes one or more of the following operations:

-   -   transmitting (2236) the respective source identifier to a         first-level cache. In some implementations;     -   querying (2238) the first-level cache to access the source         profile using the respective source identifier;     -   automatically transmitting (2240), when querying of the         first-level cache returns a result corresponding to a         first-level cache-miss, the respective source identifier to the         second-level cache;     -   querying (2242) the second-level cache to access the source         profile using the respective source identifier     -   transferring (2244), when the second-level cache returns a         result corresponding to a second-level cache hit, the source         profile to the first-level cache memory, thereby adding the         source profile to the first source profiles.     -   discarding (2246), from the first source profiles, respective         ones of the first source profiles according to least-recently         posted criteria.

In some implementations, each of the mission definitions (e.g., filter graphs) includes a plurality of classification models (e.g., filter nodes), each of which is configured to accept or reject individual posts in a data stream based on content and/or metadata information associated with the individual posts. In some embodiments, the classification models (e.g., filter nodes) included in a respective mission definition are combined (e.g., arranged) according to a predefined arrangement so as to identify the individual posts with high value information according to the respective mission definition (e.g., based on relevance of content and/or metadata information associated with a post with respect to an interest associated with the filter node). Configuring the mission definitions to execute on at least a subset of the plurality of processors includes preparing the models for executing on respective ones of the processors. In some implementations, the classification models include a plurality of natural language filters. In some implementations, the natural language filters are specified lexically using regular expressions. In some implementations, the regular expressions are implemented as deterministic finite automatons.

In some implementations, the source profile is based at least in part on information obtained from previously received posts associated the respective source identifier.

In some implementations, the least-recently posted criteria (cf. discarding operation 2246) include a least-recently author posted criterion whereby author profiles corresponding to authors who have posted more recently continue to be stored in a higher level author cache (e.g., a first level author cache) while author profiles corresponding to authors who have not posted recently are relegated to a lower level author cache (e.g., a second level author cache). Likewise, the least-recently posted criteria include a least-recently publisher posted criterion whereby publisher profiles corresponding to publishers who have posted more recently continue to be stored in a higher level publisher cache (e.g., a first level publisher cache) while publisher profiles corresponding to publishers who have not posted recently are relegated to a lower level publisher cache (e.g., a second level publisher cache). In some implementations, one or more respective first-level caches (e.g., author and/or publisher first-level caches) are of sufficient size to store, on average, all respective source profiles (e.g., author and/or publisher profiles) for which a corresponding packet has been received within a previous month.

FIG. 23 is a flow chart illustrating a method 2300 for optimizing real-time, parallel execution of models for extracting high-value information from data streams, in accordance with some implementations.

The method includes receiving (2302) a mission definition (e.g., filter graphs). The mission definition includes a plurality of classification models (e.g., filter nodes), each classification model including one or more filters that accept or reject packets. Each respective filter is categorized by a number of operations, and the collection of filters is arranged in a general graph. In some implementations, the mission definition is received at a compiler (e.g., parallelizing compiler 1504). In some implementations, the general graph is (2304) a non-optimized general graph.

In some implementations, the method further includes determining (2306) if a closed circuit exists within the graph, and when the closed circuit exists within the graph, removing the closed circuit. In some circumstances, removing the closed circuit produces a higher degree of acyclicity within the graph.

In some implementations, the method further includes reordering (2310) the filters based at least in part on the number of operations. In some implementations, a first filter having a smaller number of operations than a second filter is executed (2312) before the second filter (e.g., filters characterized by a smaller number of filters are executed before filters characterized by a larger number of filters).

In some implementations, the method further includes parallelizing (2314) the general graph such that the collection of filters are configured to be executed on one or more processors

In some implementations, the method further includes translating (2316) the filters into a plurality of deterministic finite automaton (DFA), and merging one or more DFAs based on predefined criteria. In some implementations, accept DFA in series are merged, and reject DFAs in parallel are merged.

Turning now to parallel processing implementations, such as implementation of filters as utilized by bouncer 536 (as shown in FIG. 5B), large scale parallelization of data flow processing is necessary to improve processing performance. In large scale parallelization, each datum (i.e., packet, post, document) needs to be broadcast to many consumers (usually A/D data flow pipelines requires extremely high bandwidth and low latency data broadcasting) with each consumer processing the datum. An example of large scale parallelization is shown in FIG. 24. In this Figure, a producer 2401 broadcasts a datum to a plurality of consumers 2401-1-2401-n.

This type of broadcasting bandwidth is very hard to achieve with general clusters of small machines. Instead, hardware platforms using a network of large shared memory multiprocessor/multicore machines are best suited for running this type of processing. Table 1 illustrates specification for the last level cache (LLC) communication fabric inside a Xeon™ processor capable of handling a 100 GigaBytes/second broadcasting bandwidth.

TABLE 1 Data Communication Hardware Typical Badwidth 10 Gbps Ethernet 1 GB/s PCle 3.0 Lane 1 GB/s Infiniband, Mellanox 56 Gb/s FDR 1 8 6.8 GB/s   Cisco Catalyst Switching Fabric 40 GB/s  Intel Xeon E?-8890 Total Mem BW 340 GB/s 

The problem with shared memory machines and, in general, with shared memory multiprocessing, is the required synchronization. The use of standard locks and mutexes without careful analysis normally leads to very poor speedups and consequently very poor scalability.

To solve the problem, there is a need for a synchronization-free shared memory broadcaster that eliminates the need to provide copies of memory elements to individual consumers, that is capable of handling thousands of producers and thousands of consumers with extremely low latency and that is capable of utilizing the full system memory bandwidth.

Essentially, these implementations include a virtual queue and virtual buffer. Regarding the virtual queue, an exemplary logical representation of multi-producer/multi-consumer system for implementing processing using thread-safe queue data structures, according to some implementations, is shown in FIG. 24. In this Figure, the system 2400 includes a producer 2401, broadcaster 2402 and consumers 2404-1-2404-n. A virtual producer queue 2403 is associated with producer 2401 to store data prepared by a producer 2401 for broadcasting by broadcaster 2402 to each of the consumers 2404-1-2404-n. Virtual queues 2405-1-2405-n are each associated with corresponding consumers 2404-1-2404-n to store received data from broadcaster 2402 while consumers 2404-1-2404-n process earlier transmitted data. In operation, the virtual queue behaves as a general queue with many producers and many consumers, where each one of the consumers has its own independent “virtual queue”. The elements are effectively removed from each virtual queue after each dequeue by a consumer.

Regarding the virtual buffer, the virtual buffer works a multiple-writer/multiple-reader shared memory array, where multiple readers may simultaneously access a memory element. An exemplary logical representation of a multi-producer/multi-consumer system for implementing processing using thread-safe buffer data structures according to some implementations, is shown in FIG. 25. In this Figure, the system 2500 includes a producer 2501, a shared memory space 2502 and a plurality of consumers 2503-1-2503-n. In operation, as the producer 2501 allocates and writes data to a memory slot of a shared memory space 2502, the plurality of consumers 2503-1-2503-n read the data from other memory slots of the shared memory space 2502.

Conventionally, queues and buffers are implemented in memory using a circular buffer data structure programmed in software. An example of a circular buffer data structure is shown in FIG. 26. In this example, producer 2602, consumer 2604 and garbage collector 2606 (i.e., the components) perform operations on memory slots of a memory array 2608 before advancing to a subsequent memory slot in the memory array 2608. By utilizing the circular buffer, the components can advance to subsequent memory slots indefinitely. The problem with such implementations in physical memory is that it requires a software-based solution, which ultimately leads to performance degradation. Therefore, there is a need for a memory structure that allows components to advance to subsequent memory slots indefinitely (similar to a circular buffer) without having to implement the circular buffer in software.

In at least some implementations, neither the virtual queue nor the virtual buffer uses any software based access-control techniques, such as locks, semaphores or mutexes, to mitigate performance degradation. Instead, at least some implementations described herein, utilize hardware based access-control techniques to address potential access control issues while still maintaining high performance levels.

FIG. 27 illustrates a system 2700 for managing access to a plurality of memory slots in a shared sequential memory array to implement a virtual queue and virtual buffer, in accordance with some implementations. System 2700 may be implemented in any other systems that utilize parallel processing, such as bouncer 536. In FIG. 26, the system 2700 includes a producer 2702, consumer 2704(a)-(b) and a garbage collector 2706, each performing an operation on a respective memory slot of a shared sequential memory array 2708. Each memory slot is assigned a virtual index. For example, in FIG. 26, producer 2702 is currently located at memory slot 48 of memory array 2708 (meaning the respective memory slot has a virtual index of 48); consumer 2704(a) is located at memory slot 32 of memory array 2708; consumer 2704(b) is located at memory slot 24 of memory array 2708 and garbage collector 2706 is located at memory slot 16 of memory array 2708.

The producer 2702 allocates and writes data to its respective memory slot before advancing to the next memory slot in the sequential memory array. Each of these “write data” operations acts to add data to a virtual queue. As used herein, the virtual queue may refer to the memory slots between the producer 2702 and the garbage collector 2706. For example, in FIG. 26, producer 2702 is at memory slot 48 of the memory array 2708, while garbage collector 2706 is at memory slot 16. Therefore, the virtual queue 2710 is equivalent of 30 memory slots ranging from memory slot 16 to memory slot 48 in memory array 2708.

The consumers 2704(a)-(b) each read data from its respective memory slot before advancing to the next memory slot in the memory array 2708. Each of these “read data” operations acts to read data from a virtual buffer. As used herein, the virtual buffer may refer to the memory slots between a consumer 2704(a)-(b) and the producer 2702. The maximum size of the virtual buffer is limited to the size of the virtual queue. For example, in FIG. 27, producer 2702 is at memory slot 48 of the memory array 2708, while consumer 2704(b) is at memory slot 24. Therefore, the virtual buffer 2712 for consumer 2704(b) is equivalent to memory slots 24-48 in memory array 2708.

After all of the consumers 2704(a)-(b) have read data from the memory slot, the memory slot is de-queued from the virtual queue.

In some implementations, each of the consumers 2704(a)-(b) may read data from the same memory slot in the memory array 2708.

The garbage collector 2706 de-allocates its respective memory slot before advancing to the next memory slot in the memory array 2708. Garbage collector is a form of automatic memory management. An objective of the garbage collector 2706 is to find data objects in a program that cannot be accessed in the future, and to reclaim the resources used by those objects.

In some implementations, each of the components (e.g., producer 2702, consumers 2704(a)-(b), and garbage collector 2706) operates on its own independent thread of a multi-threaded process. Therefore, each of the components can independently perform operations on their respective memory slots and advance to subsequent memory slots of the memory array 2708 without waiting for other components to complete their respective operations. For example, in FIG. 27, producer 2702 can perform an operation on memory slot 48 and advance to subsequent memory slot 49 without having to wait for consumer 2704(a) to perform an operation on memory slot 32.

The sequential memory array 2508 is non-circular and monotonically increasing, meaning each subsequent memory slot has a physical memory location that is greater than a preceding physical memory location for a preceding memory slot. To implement the concept of a circular buffer as a hardware-based solution, the system 2700 determines a virtual index of a memory slot by masking a physical location of the memory slot. For example, if a memory slot has a physical location of [0111], the system 2700 may determine the virtual index of the memory slot by masking the two highest order values (01). In this example, the virtual index would be [xx11] or 11. Therefore, as a subsequent memory slot is utilized, such as [1000], the system will determine the virtual index to be [xx00] or 00. Thus, while the actual physical location of the memory slot increases, the subsequent memory slot appears to be the first memory slot of a circular memory array having a virtual index of 00, thereby simulating a circular buffer without using multiple index management operations.

The system 2700 may utilize a number of constraints to control the size of the virtual queue and virtual buffers and limit memory usage. For example, in some implementations, one constraint limits the maximum virtual queue size to a predefined threshold (e.g., 32 memory slots), such that the maximum number of memory slot separating the producer 2702 and the garbage collector 2706 is less than the predefined threshold. For example, in FIG. 26, if the virtual queue threshold is 32, then producer 2702 must yield and refrain from advancing to memory slot 49 until garbage collector 2706 to complete its operations and advances to memory slot 17 because the size of the virtual queue is already equal to the maximum predefined threshold of 32 (i.e., 48-16).

Another constraint limits the maximum virtual buffer size to the maximum queue size by requiring the garbage collector 2706 to yield and refrain from advancing to a memory slot of memory array 2708 where at least one of the consumers 2704(a)-(b) is performing an operation on the memory slot. For example, in FIG. 27, while consumer 2704(b) is performing an operation on memory slot 24 of the memory array 2708, garbage collector 2706 may only advance to memory slot 23 and must yield to consumer 2704(b) to complete its operations before advancing to memory slot 24.

Another constraint includes a pre-defined minimum for virtual buffer size of greater than zero by requiring each of the consumers 2704(a)-(b) to yield and refrain from advancing to a memory slot where the producer 2702 is performing an operation on the memory slot. For example, in FIG. 27, while producer 2702 is performing an operation on memory slot 48 of the memory array 2708, consumer 2704(b) may only advance to memory slot 47 and must yield to producer 2702 to complete its operations before advancing to memory slot 48.

In some implementations, each of the components perform operations that limit the atomic interval to one CPU instruction. For example, each of the components may utilize CPU atomic update-and-op instructions to read, write, allocate or de-allocate at respective memory slots. As used herein, the term “atomic” may refer to an operation acting on shared memory that is complete in a single step relative to other threads.

FIGS. 28(A)-28(B) illustrates an exemplary method 2800 for managing access to a plurality of memory slots in a shared sequential memory array without using software-based programming techniques, in accordance with some implementations.

The system assigns (2802) an index number to each memory slot of the shared memory array (e.g., index numbers 18-48 for the memory slots in FIG. 27).

The system allocates (2804) a first memory slot (e.g., memory slot 48 of FIG. 27) and writes, using a producer process (e.g., producer 2702 in FIG. 27), data to the first memory slot, wherein the first memory slot is associated with a producer index number.

The system reads (2806), using a consumer process (e.g., consumer 2704(a) in FIG. 27), data from a second memory slot (e.g., memory slot 32 of the memory array in FIG. 27), wherein the second memory slot is associated with a reader index number.

The system de-allocates (2808), using a garbage collector process (e.g., garbage collector 2706 in FIG. 27), data from a third memory slot (e.g., memory slot 18 of the memory array in FIG. 27) having a second index number, wherein the garbage collector and the third memory slot are associated with a garbage collector index number.

In some implementations, the writing, reading and de-allocating steps are performed (2810) using atomic instructions.

In some implementations, in accordance with a determination that a difference between the producer index number and the garbage collector index number does not exceed a maximum queue length threshold, the system writes (2812), using the producer process, data to a fourth memory slot (e.g., memory slot 49 of FIG. 27), wherein the fourth memory slot is subsequent to the first memory slot in the sequential non-circular array. In accordance with a determination that a difference between the producer index number and the garbage collector index number exceeds a maximum queue length threshold, the system refrains from writing, using the producer process, data to the fourth memory slot.

In some implementations, in accordance with a determination that the consumer index number does not equal or exceed the producer index number, the system reads (2814), using the consumer process, data from a fifth memory slot (e.g., memory slot 33 in FIG. 27), wherein the fifth memory slot is subsequent to the second memory slot in the sequential non-circular array. In accordance with a determination that the consumer index number does equal the producer index number, the system refrains from reading, using the consumer process, data from the fifth memory slot.

In some implementations, in accordance with a determination that the garbage collector index number does not meet or exceed the consumer index number, the system de-allocates (2816), using the garbage collector process, data from a sixth memory slot (e.g., memory slot 19 in FIG. 27), wherein the sixth memory slot is subsequent to the third memory slot in the sequential non-circular array. In accordance with a determination that the garbage collector index number does not meet or exceed the consumer index number, the system refrains from de-allocating, using the garbage collector process, data from the sixth memory slot.

In some implementations, the index number for each memory slot in the memory array is (2818) assigned by masking portions of the physical address of each memory slot.

Implementations of dynamic memory allocation are now described in more detail. In some implementations, the producer 2702 and garbage collector 2706 use a dynamic bitmap allocation method to allocate or de-allocate a state record (for management of queue thread state). Conventional software methods that use traditional Malloc routines are too time-consuming for large scale real-time processing. FIG. 29 illustrates an exemplary method 2900 for dynamic memory allocation using a bitmap, in accordance with some implementations.

As used herein, a bitmap may refer to a memory data structure to identify whether a memory block is allocated. Each bit in a bitmap corresponds to a memory block having a predetermined number of bytes in usable memory (i.e., the arena). Each bit identifies whether a corresponding memory block is used, where a ‘1’ indicates the memory block is being used and a ‘0’ indicates that the memory block is not being used.

The system 2700 retrieves (2902) a word from the bitmap. As used herein, a word may refer to a fixed-sized data set that represents a single unit in an instruction set processed by a computer processor of the system 2700.

The system 2700 determines (2904), using a single atomic instruction, whether the word includes a bit that indicates that a memory block (for state records related to management of queue thread state) is available for allocation by the producer 2702. If the word does not include a bit that indicates that a memory block is available for allocation, return to retrieving step and retrieve a second word from the bitmap.

If the word includes a bit that indicates that a memory block is available for allocation, the system 2700 performs (2906) a series of atomic instructions, per bit, to identify the bit that indicates that the memory block is available for allocation.

After identifying the bit, the system 2700 allocates (2908) the memory block for the state records of the queue thread state.

The system 2700 de-allocates (2910) the memory block by identifying the global word position in the bitmap and subsequently identifying a bit position in the word corresponding to the memory block.

Turning now to additional parallel processing issues, another issue that can occur in a parallel processing architecture relates to queue exhaustion. Optimal operation of a producer queue used to broadcast to thousands of consumers requires that all consumers operate at about the same speed. Otherwise, after all the buffering space at the consumers has been exhausted, all consumers end up operating at the speed of the slowest one.

The execution complexity of data classification pipelines will sometimes vary across different pipelines, and across different time periods (due to different data arriving to the system at all times). So, it is possible that the consumers (e.g., consumers 2704(a)-(b)) will be executing operations at different speeds, which can cause memory allocation problems. For example, all data broadcasts will eventually occur at the speed of the slowest consumer in a parallel architecture configuration, resulting in poor performance of the overall system. Also, global processor utilization in a shared memory system will be very low since most CPUs will most likely idle. This, in turn, results in poor scalability of the overall system.

In some implementations, the system 270X) accounts for execution imbalance by the consumers (e.g., consumers 2704(a)-(b)) by dynamically controlling (e.g., increasing and decreasing) the resources dedicated to each one of the consumers, together with dynamic migration of consumers to other shared memory systems in a cluster of networked computers. In some implementations, the system 2700 may utilize one or more multivariate stochastic controllers to dynamically control resource allocation. FIG. 30 illustrates an exemplary system for using a plurality of multi-variant stochastic controllers to dynamically control memory resources, in accordance with some implementations. As an example, stochastic controllers use instantaneous queue fill-levels, average fill-levels, instantaneous and average number of retries to en-queue or de-queue an element, processor utilization and system load during the last 5 minutes, 1 minute, 1 second, in order to determine: an increase or decrease of thread priority; an increase or decrease of number of threads; or a migration to another less-loaded node.

Turning now to author classification, internet users often post public information, as authors, about themselves, associates, predilections, and/or author relevant events. This information often provides valuable insight about the users to third parties, such as businesses, political organizations, and government entities.

For example, the ability to capture, classify, and assign attributes to authors of social media content, and record such information in a historical timeline may be significant to these third parties.

In addition, providing the ability to query, segment, and further analyze the universe of social media authors; and based upon such further analysis, assign new and/or update existing authors' attributes accordingly may also be significant to these stakeholders.

Given such social media authors' assigned attributes, plus the historical timeline of such attributes, it may be possible to predict future needs and desires of social media authors.

For example, consider the following post from a social media user: “I'm overjoyed! My wife Linda just gave birth to our baby girl . . . Linda Itzel Martinez. Check out the pictures.”

Classification of the author's post may yield the following author attributes:

Hispanic, Married, Father, Has Children, Daughter: {Name: Linda. DOB: YYYY/MM/DD}

Based upon the author attributes gleaned from that single posting, it may be reasonable to assume the author in the future will be interested in baby/infant care, baby/infant girl clothing/outfits, pre-school options, birthday gifts circa DOB month, and possibly a larger and/or safer automobile. Further analysis using additional pre-existing author attributes may yield additional predictions/needs.

In some implementations, there is provided a system comprised of technologies to capture, classify, and/or analyze postings (e.g., social media posting), assign author attributes in a timeline, perform further analysis based upon social media authors' attributes, and/or offer predictions of authors' needs and behaviors. For clarity, as described herein, the term “post”, may also be referred to as “document”.

In some implementations, there is provided a dynamic scalable system comprised of sets of author classification and analysis technologies. The system may process post data streams in real time, and may make the results of such classifications and analysis available in real time to interested third parties.

FIG. 31 illustrates an exemplary author classification and analysis system 3100 according to some implementations. The author classification and analysis system 3100 may include social media harvester 522, social media filter 3102, social media router 3104, social media author entry 3106, author classification process 3110, tap inspector 3112, Sap inspector 3114, author future discover process 3116, ancillary analysis process 3118, geo location harvester 3120 and author store 532.

In some implementations, author classification and analysis system 3100 may track each author to identify certain author characteristics. Each author is represented in the author classification and analysis system by an author record stored in author store 532. In some implementations, analysis of authors' features over time can be useful to predict future needs and/or possibly behaviors for either individual or sets of authors.

The author records may be flexible/extensible. The author records may be schema-less, and thus ‘open-ended’ to accommodate new author information, attributes, and other types of information as required.

In some implementations, each author record is indexed and assigned an author ID.

In some implementations, an author record includes a feature. Each feature may provide information about an author characteristic. An individual feature may have a value, confidence range, a date of creation, and/or a date of last update to track changes in author characteristics over time. For example, in the above post: “I'm overjoyed! My wife Linda just gave birth to our baby girl . . . Linda Itzel Martinez. Check out the pictures”, the author record may include features such as gender, ethnicity, marital status. The author record may include assigned values for each of the features, including male, Hispanic, and married, respectively.

FIG. 32 illustrates an exemplary author record 3200 according to some implementations. In this example, author record 3200 illustrates how a given author's author record can evolve as a result of author classification and analysis processes over time. For example, in the features section, the author was initially identified as single on 2008-08-24. However, a few years later, on 2011-06-06, the author was identified as married.

In some implementations, author records may be stored at author store 532. Author store 532 may be a high-performance database that houses the author records. Author store 532 may index all fields of all records housed within itself, such indexing may be continually performed in real-time as author records are created, updated, or deleted. Author store 532 may provide an application platform interface to other components of FIG. 31, such as author classification and analysis processes, may use to create, fetch, update, and/or delete individual author records, or perform bulk operations on batches of author records.

In operation, author classification and analysis system 3100 initiates its processes with social media harvester 522 (as shown in FIG. 5B). Social media harvester 522 may be configured to receive and process social media posts from social media sources (i.e., social media streams) to produce harvested social media content. In addition to other features described herein, harvester 522 may acquire social media content from desired social media sources (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, etc.). In some implementations, for the social media sources that provide real-time stream feeds (e.g. Twitter), acquiring social media content may be performed in real time.

Social media filter 3102 may be configured to accept harvested social media content from harvester 522, and apply filters to the content so that only certain authors that possess attributes of interest are accepted for further processing. The application of filters increases the signal to noise ratio of the harvested social media content.

Social media filter 3102 may rely upon social media filtering models to identify certain author characteristics. In some implementations, social media filtering models define rules for identifying specific types of social media content. When properly constructed, filtering models may identify specific types of social media content plus attributes of the authors of such content and assign one or more taps/tags, after any of the rules in the filter model, that indicate that an author of the social media post is highly likely to have a certain characteristic. For example, FIG. 33 illustrates a filtering model (i.e., a mission definition as shown in FIG. 5B) to identify an author based on content of a social media post, according to some implementations. In FIG. 33, the model identifies persons that are expecting a child. The model employs a filter 3202 entitled “Expecting a Child” that only allows content related to expecting a child to pass to the next filtering stage. The next filter 3204 is a rejection filter entitled “Pregnancy Jokes”. The purpose of filter 3204 is to eliminate content related to pregnancy jokes. Content that passes through certain of the model's filters is assigned one or more taps/tags (e.g., tap/tag 3206) that indicates that the social media post is highly likely from someone expecting a child.

Social media filter 3102 may employ multiple chained filters in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of resultant output. Typically the greater the number of filters employed, the greater the signal-to-noise ratio of the resultant output.

Turning back to FIG. 31, social media router 3104 may implement the gateway of social media streams into the author classification and analysis system. For example, social media router 3104 may only subscribe to outputs from the social media filter 3102 that have been designated for author classification and analysis (i.e., a tap was associated with the post). Thus social media router 3104 can limit the social media streams to be analyzed to only those designated relevant. Also, social media router 3104 may route accepted social media stream content to social media author entry node 3106 for further processing based upon an author ID within a social media packet (i.e. target node is based upon author id, hence authors have target node affinity).

In some implementations, social media author classification and analysis may be implemented as a multiple stage parallel processing pipeline. Each pipeline stage may accept input in the form of a message, perform a discrete type of work, and conditionally generate a message for a subsequent processing stage.

Social media author entry node 3106 may examine filtered social media posts from social media router 3104. For each social media post received from social media router 3104, social media author entry node 3106 may determine if the author of the social media post is known or unknown based on author ID metadata in the social media post. When an unknown author is detected, social media author entry node 3106 may create a new author record at author store 532. In addition, social media author entry node 3106 may update an author cache 3107 of an author's social media posts for the current time period. (Note: social media packet caching can be ephemeral.) Social media author entry node 3106 may also update the author cache 3107 of publishers' authors for a given period with the current author. In addition, social media author entry node 3106 may associate any identified tags/taps with the author.

In some implementations, social media author entry node 3106 may generate and send work requests to other nodes. For example, per author recently noted, social media author entry node 3106 may create and send an author classification request to author classification process 3110. In some implementations, the request contains at least one of: the author's ID (per the author classification system), author's publisher, taps associated with the author, IDs of the author's cached social media posts, and the time period in which the information was culled.

Author classification process 3110 may initiate the author classification pipeline. In some implementations, as shown in FIG. 34, the author classification process may be a parallel pipeline implementation. Author classification process 3110 may handle author classification requests from social media author entry 3106, and from a single such request, conditionally generate one or more type specific author classification requests. The purpose of the author classification process 3110 is to determine if a given author needs further classification (e.g., lacks certain base information/attributes, or if such base information/attributes are out-of-date and should be refreshed). If so, then one or more type specific (i.e. requests to determine specific types of author information/attributes) classification requests are generated. Examples of type specific author classification request messages include: classify author's gender, classify author's age, classify author's language, and classify author's location.

Each type specific author classification process may perform a particular type of author classification, per the received author classification request. For example, FIG. 34 depicts exemplary type specific author classification processes, including author age classification process 3112(a), author gender classification process 3112(b), author influence classification process 3112(c), and author language classification process 3112(d).

In some implementations, the classification processes may include multiple stages (e.g., author age classification 3112(a) and 3112(f)). In these implementations, multiple stages of classification are possible; with each stage performing the preliminary work for subsequent stages, and conditionally generating a work request for a subsequent pipeline stage. Each stage of classification can update the author store 532 if required; however typically the stage that concludes a particular type of classification performs a single update to reduce author store I/O and potential author version conflicts.

In some implementations, a single author classification request can spawn multiple subsequent classification requests based upon the type of, and detail of, classification that is desired.

In some implementations, the exact manner in which an Author Classification Process operates and yields a result is dependent upon the type of author classification performed. When an author classification process successfully yields a classification result for a given social media author, the author's author record in author store 532 is updated accordingly.

In some implementations, the author classification process 3110 may send a tap inspector request to the tap inspector 3112 if the author classification request contains one or more taps from a Social Media Filter 3102.

Tap inspector 3112 may associate taps with an author. If an author doesn't yet have a tap specified within the tap inspector request, then the author's author record is updated within the author store 532 with the specified tap.

In some implementations, the author classification process 3110 may send a social media author post request to the SAP inspector process 3114 if the author classification request contains one or more SAP (aka snippet) IDs.

SAP inspector process 3114 may conditionally examine authors' posts to ascertain information about the authors. In some implementations, SAP inspector process 3114 may conditionally update authors' author records within the author store 532.

In some implementations, social media author entry node 3106 may create and send, per publisher the process has recently noted, a publisher harvesting request. The request may be unique per publisher (i.e. the message ID identifies the target publisher harvester). The request may contain the collection of author IDs from the publisher recently noted by the social media author entry node 3106.

Author feature discovery process 3116 may include event driven processes that search the author store 532 (e.g., all author records) for particular types of information and attributes of an author(s), and pass the query results into a map-reduce procedure that conditionally yields a new or updated feature for an author. The map-reduce procedure may be configurable and unique to the feature being determined/rendered. When the map-reduce procedure yields a feature for a given social media author, the author's author record is updated accordingly.

In some implementations, author feature discovery process 3116 may create/edit author feature definitions (e.g. feature id, name, etc.), create/edit the author feature map-reduce procedure, and/or create/edit the event that triggers author feature discovery (e.g. schedule or time interval at which the author feature discovery process 3116 is to be performed).

Ancillary analysis process 3118 performs ancillary processes such as: (i) harvesting information from external systems (e.g. Twitter™, Facebook™, Google™, Intellius™) and storing such information in author store 532; and (ii) scrubbing existing author record to purge expired attributes that predate a user-defined threshold. Such functionality may yield better author classification results.

In some implementations, author store 532 may provide an application platform interface to search for author records. Author store 532 may interact with a social media author query engine (e.g., an ancillary analysis process) to perform a search, and yield a search result set. Other processes, such as author classification and analysis processes have the option of using either the Author store 532 application platform interface or directly interacting with the social media author query engine to search for Author information based upon their specific search criteria.

The social media author query engine is configured to provide query functionality at author store 532. Because author records are indexed at author store 532, it is possible for the social media author query engine to query multiple aspects of the author records.

In some implementations, the social media author query engine provides the ability to perform a variety of types of queries, for example: specify search terms with Boolean AND, OR, NOT operators; specify search terms with value and date ranges. Specify search terms with geo-location bounds (e.g. only return authors within a geographically bounded area) (e.g., via location information cached/accessed by geo-location harvester 3120 in FIG. 31); specify wildcard search terms for string fields (e.g., regular expressions); and specify fuzzy search terms for string fields (e.g. such as provided text, or based upon Levenshtein distance from provided text).

In some implementations, the social media author query engine provides a web service REST application platform interface for third parties to submit queries.

In some implementations, individual components and processes are executed on a number of distributed nodes; each node being an independent server. A node can be configured for a dedicated purpose, or run multiple processes.

In some implementations, individual components and processes communicate with each other using a configurable name-based messaging scheme.

In some implementations, relevant social media posts/packets are selected for social media author classification and analysis.

In some implementations, author classification and analysis system 3100 may include an administrator system that permits a system administrator to identify the specific type of data being emitted by social media filter 3102 that, in the system administrator's opinion, should be heeded by the author classification and analysis system 3100.

In some implementations, the administrator system permits a system administrator to define and maintain author features used in author records.

In some implementations, the administrator system can configure: the social media filtering models from which social media content is to be accepted and analyzed for author classification and analysis; the taps within the social media filtering models that are to be applied as attributes to authors; and/or the author queries that are used for the purpose of deriving author features, feature derivation, and the schedule at which specific features are to be derived.

For all types of author classification information maintained, upon changes to such information, change notifications are broadcast to interested observers. The net result is that an administrator is provided with the ability to configure various aspects of Social Media Author Classification and Analysis, and that when updates are made the author classification and analysis processes heed the changes.

In some implementations, author classification and analysis system 3100 is dynamic updates its filtering and classification functionality. As a first example, the author classification and analysis system 3100 may continually react to social media input streams, and processing can be performed in real time. Also, with the exception of scheduling feature discovery, and accessory processes, all system components can be input message driven (i.e. they receive an input message, perform work per the message, and conditionally generate work requests for subsequent ‘downstream’ system processes). As a second example, the author classification and analysis system 3100 is easily reconfigurable to accommodate increased loads and/or processing requirements. In some implementations, a single master system configuration file can define the type and number of processes that run on the components of author classification and analysis system 3100. In these examples, configuration may only require editing the single system configuration file and restarting the author classification and analysis system 3100. The author classification and analysis system 3100 can subsequently reconfigure itself per the system configuration file (i.e. the desired type and number of processes run on each node, and they are aware of the nodes upon which sibling processes run).

In some implementations, each of the components described in FIGS. 31-34 are executed in bouncer 536 or alarm/analytics HyperEngine 538.

Turning now to data visualization, there are a number of different analyses and alarm applications based on real-time data processing of massive data sets, making visualization of the processed data valuable to users. For example, data visualization can allow presentation of instantaneous statistics about the 2016 presidential campaign or retail-related traffic in social media using the real-time processing of hundreds of millions of posts per day.

In some implementations, the systems described herein can include visualization tools (e.g., web and mobile applications) to present data processed by data sources to users. For example, FIG. 35 illustrates a system 3500 for aggregating and visually presenting statistics about posts from authors provided by certain data sources (e.g., social media sites), according to some implementations. In this example, system 3500 includes real-time correlation and classification (RCCS) 3501, RCCS Model Development Tools 3502, author store 532, alarm/analytics HyperEngine 538, web API 3504 and web page or mobile application 3506.

RCCS 3501 includes computer system 520 as shown in FIG. 5B (excluding author store 532 and alarm/analytics HyperEngine 538, which are shown separately in FIG. 35) and author classification and analysis system 3100. As described herein, RCCS 3501 is configured to receive and process data from data sources in real time.

RCCS Model Development Tools 3502 is configured to interface with application developers to provide an efficient interface for programming RCCS 3501. For example, using RCCS Model Development Tools 3502, application developers may program RCCS 3501 to use custom filter models to analyze posts from data sources. Examples of filter models for voting and retail analytics are shown in FIGS. 36 and 37, respectively. In some implementations, system 3500 includes software as a service (SAAS) functionality to allow developers to utilize models that allows for deployment of functional analytics tools, in hours, without any coding requirements.

Referring back to FIG. 35, author store 532 and alarm/analytics HyperEngine 538 includes similar functionality to other implementations described herein.

Web API 3504 is configured to provide third parties with access to analytics capabilities implemented by alarm/analytics HyperEngine 538 and to provide data visualization tools to those third parties. For example, in some implementations, web API 3504 may query alarm/analytics HyperEngine 538 to provide voter statistics on presidential candidates running in an election. In another example, in some implementations, web API 3504 may query alarm/analytics HyperEngine 538 to provide retail analytics on social media posts from customers.

Web page or mobile application 3506 may provide data visualization information for display on a computer using a web browser or an integrated mobile application.

Third parties may access web API 3504 and/or web page or mobile application 3506 via a computer 3508 and/or a mobile device 3510.

FIG. 38 illustrates a system including parallel processing capabilities to produce visualization information, according to at least some implementations.

The system in FIG. 38 is similar to the system described in FIG. 24, described above. In this implementation, in addition to processing data using parallel processing techniques, described herein, for indexing and analytics purposes, the system also processes data using these parallel processing techniques to create data visualization information as well.

Using such implementations, at least some systems described herein can perform real-time processing of about 600 Million documents per day, arriving at rates between 5,000 and 50,000 documents per second. Every one of the 600 Million documents is instantly analyzed as it arrives, within milliseconds, to determine attributes and demographics about the document author, and to determine the relevance of the document for each one of the subjects tracked for each presidential candidate. The relevant documents and the discovered author attributes and demographics are delivered to a statistical analysis node that produces all the data to drive the voting or retail analytics charts. In some implementations, this level of real-time data analysis can match about 100 patterns for each of 3000 Models for each of 50,000 documents of size 1 KB, every second. In some implementations, system such as the system in FIG. 38 can process 15,000,000,000 (15 BILLION) documents every single second, at peak rates. In addition, the Bisection Bandwidth for full parallelization (essential for sub-second latencies) achieved by such systems is 1 KB*50,000*3,000−150 GigaBytes/second, or over 1 terabit/second.

Referring back to FIG. 35, in some implementations, the data analytics and visualization capabilities (e.g., alarm/analytics HyperEngine 538, web API 3504 and web page or mobile application 3506) are provided on a cloud infrastructure. In some implementations, the data analytics and visualization capabilities are provided on an enterprise private cloud, such as Azure, or AWS.

In some embodiments, there is provided a method for real-time extraction of high-value information from data streams, comprising: at a computer system including a plurality of processors and memory storing programs for execution by the processors: receiving a plurality of filter graph definitions, wherein each filter graph definition includes a plurality of filter nodes arranged in a two-dimensional graph defined by a plurality of graph edges, wherein the filter nodes include textual filters that reject or accept an individual packet based on text content of the individual packet, respectively; in real time, performing a continuous monitoring process for a data stream that includes a plurality of posts from a plurality of sources, including: without user intervention, in response to receiving the data stream with the plurality of posts, distributing the plurality of posts to inputs of the plurality of executable filter graph definitions; and identifying, using a respective executable filter graph definition, respective ones of the plurality of posts with high-value source characteristic information according to the respective executable filter graph definition, based on parallel execution of the filter nodes included in the respective executable filter graph definition, by executing the textual filters on the text content of the plurality of posts.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing, in a respective source profile, the identified source characteristic information determined from executing the textual filters on the text content of the plurality of posts.

In some embodiments, the identified source characteristic information is stored as an unstructured data-schema.

In some embodiments, each filter node is implemented by a source classification identification filter.

In some embodiments, the source is the author of the post.

In some embodiments, each filter node is configured to accept or reject individual posts in a data stream based on relevance of content of the individual posts to a respective source characteristic associated with the filter node.

Reference has been made in detail to implementations, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While particular implementations are described, it will be understood it is not intended to limit the invention to these particular implementations. On the contrary, the invention includes alternatives, modifications and equivalents that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the subject matter presented herein. But it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the implementations.

Although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, first ranking criteria could be termed second ranking criteria, and, similarly, second ranking criteria could be termed first ranking criteria, without departing from the scope of the present invention. First ranking criteria and second ranking criteria are both ranking criteria, but they are not the same ranking criteria.

The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including.” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “in response to detecting,” that a stated condition precedent is true, depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined [that a stated condition precedent is true]” or “if [a stated condition precedent is true]” or “when [a stated condition precedent is true]” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “upon detecting” or “in response to detecting” that the stated condition precedent is true, depending on the context.

Although some of the various drawings illustrate a number of logical stages in a particular order, stages that are not order dependent may be reordered and other stages may be combined or broken out. While some reordering or other groupings are specifically mentioned, others will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art and so do not present an exhaustive list of alternatives. Moreover, it should be recognized that the stages could be implemented in hardware, firmware, software or any combination thereof. The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific implementations. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The implementations were chosen and described in order to best explain principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various implementations with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Implementations include alternatives, modifications and equivalents that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the subject matter presented herein. But it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the implementations. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for accessing a plurality of sequential memory slots of a shared non-circular memory array by multiple processes without using software-based locking techniques, the method comprising: assigning an index number to each memory slot of the shared memory array; allocating a first memory slot and writing, using a producer process, data to the first memory slot, wherein the first memory slot is associated with a producer index number; reading, using a consumer process, data from a second memory slot, wherein the second memory slot is associated with a consumer index number; and de-allocating, using a garbage collector process, data from a third memory slot having a second index number, wherein the garbage collector and the third memory slot are associated with a garbage collector index number; wherein the writing, reading and de-allocating are performed using atomic instructions.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in accordance with a determination that a difference between the producer index number and the garbage collector index number does not exceed a maximum queue length threshold, writing, using the producer process, data to a fourth memory slot, wherein the fourth memory slot is subsequent to the first memory slot in the sequential non-circular array; and in accordance with a determination that a difference between the producer index number and the garbage collector index number exceeds a maximum queue length threshold, refraining from writing, using the producer process, data to the fourth memory slot.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in accordance with a determination that the consumer index number does not equal or exceed the producer index number, reading, using the consumer process, data from a fifth memory slot, wherein the fifth memory slot is subsequent to the second memory slot in the sequential non-circular array; and in accordance with a determination that the consumer index number does equal the producer index number, refraining from reading, using the consumer process, data from the fifth memory slot.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in accordance with a determination that the garbage collector index number does not meet or exceed the consumer index number, de-allocating, using the garbage collector process, data from a sixth memory slot, wherein the sixth memory slot is subsequent to the third memory slot in the sequential non-circular array; and in accordance with a determination that the garbage collector index number does not meet or exceed the consumer index number, refraining from de-allocating, using the garbage collector process, data from the sixth memory slot.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the index number for each memory slot in the memory array is assigned by masking portions of the physical address of each memory slot.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the allocating includes: retrieving a word from a bitmap, wherein the bitmap identifies whether a state record for a queue thread state is allocated; determining, using a single atomic instruction, whether the word includes a bit that indicates that a memory block is available for allocation; if the word includes a bit that indicates that a memory block is available for allocation, performing a series of atomic instructions, per bit, to identify the bit that indicates that the memory block is available for allocation by the producer process; after identifying the bit, allocating the memory block to correspond to the first memory slot in the memory array; and de-allocating the memory block by identifying the global word position in the bitmap and subsequently identifying a bit position in the identified word that corresponds to the previously-identified memory block. 